| Liu, et al.(
21
)
|
2019 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
Only samples of the amniotic fluid showed significant differences (p<0.001) according to the type of birth. While meconium, placenta, and fetal membrane samples showed no significant differences between newborns born vaginally or via C-section. Vaginal delivery: Lactobacillus and Gardnerella; C-section: Thermus and Tepidiphilus. |
| Reyman, et al.(
22
)
|
2019 |
Cohort/IV |
Up to two months of life, the microbial community of children born vaginally was more stable than that of children born via C-section. Abundant Bifidobacteria is associated with the type of delivery, age, and whether the child is breastfed. Breastfeeding, however, does not make up for the lack of Bifidobacteria among children born via C-section. Vaginal delivery: Bifidobacteria and Escherichia; C-section: Klebsiella and Enterococcus. |
| Li, et al.(
23
)
|
2018 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
The vaginal delivery group has significantly more Bifidobacteria and Akkermansiaceae, showing the beneficial aspect of natural birth. Two common pathogenic bacteria, Providencia and Gardnerella, were also found in some of the infants in this group, which may be explained by the presence of mothers with vaginal infections that had not been manifested. |
| Shi, et al.(
24
)
|
2018 |
Cohort/IV |
The microbiome of children born vaginally is a little more diverse than that of children born via C-section. Vaginal delivery: Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria; C-section: Deinococcus, Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacilli. |
| Wampach, et al.(
25
)
|
2018 |
Cohort/IV |
Type of delivery was considered the dominant driver of the colonization of the neonatal gut microbiome. Vaginal delivery influences the transference of functional characteristics involved in microbial pathways, such as the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides that are important in developing a newborn's immune system. |
| Brazier, et al.(
26
)
|
2017 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
The type of delivery influenced the fecal microbial composition. Vaginal delivery: Bacteroides and Collinsella; C-section: Klebsiella and Sarcina. |
| Chu, et al.(
27
)
|
2017 |
Cohort/IV |
The neonatal microbial community structure at the time of delivery did not show significant differences according to the body's site. Vaginal delivery: Lactobacillus; C-section: Propionibacterium and Streptococcus. The microbiota of newborns born vaginally tended to be similar to their mothers' vagina, while infants born via elective C-sections were mainly populated by the microbiota found on their mothers' skin. |
| Hill, et al.(
28
)
|
2017 |
Cohort/IV |
The structure of an infant's gut microbiota is affected by the type of delivery. Vaginal birth: Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides; C-section: Clostridium. A large diversity of individual population structures was found within each group, showing the heterogeneous gut microbiota composition of developing infants. |
| Bokulich, et al.(
29
)
|
2016 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
The children born via C-section showed a significantly greater phylogenetic diversity (p<0.05). However, these significantly decreased during the first month after birth while these children subsequently presented a lower diversity and less richness up to 2 years of age. |
| Bosch, et al.(
30
)
|
2016 |
Cohort/IV |
Children born vaginally tend to change profiles dominated by Moraxella and Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum in an earlier stage than children born via C-section, who remain longer in a profile dominated by S. aureus. |
| Brumbaugh, et al.(
31
)
|
2016 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
Significant differences were found at the phylum level and bacterial abundance at a gender level, according to the type of delivery for all the infants' samples. Vaginal delivery: Oropharynx: Firmicutes (Lactobacillus). Fecal samples: Bacteroidetes; C-section: Oropharynx: Actinobacteria (Propionibacterium) and Proteobacteria. Fecal samples: Proteobacteria. Disturbances in colonization and succession within the human gut in early life may influence the risk of long-term illnesses. |
| Dominguez-Bello, et al.(
12
)
|
2016 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
Regardless of the body site, the microbiome of infants born vaginally or via C-section were more similar to their mothers' vaginal microbiome, when exposed to vaginal fluid, than that of infants born via C-section but not exposed. |
| Kristensen; Herinksen(
32
)
|
2016 |
Cohort/IV |
C-section was associated with infection and inflammation of the mucosa. The effect of elective C-sections was more significant for asthma than emergency C-sections. Estimates of respiratory tract disease did not change after adjusting for neonatal respiratory morbidity. |
| Martin, et al.(
33
)
|
2016 |
Cross-sectional/VI |
The type of delivery was one of the factors that strongly impacted the initial composition of newborns' microbiota. The infants born vaginally had significantly higher bacterial counts in the meconium than those born by C-section. Infants born via C-section had late colonization of various groups of bacterial species. Vaginal birth: Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, B. ovatus, B. vulgatus, B. uniformis, B. caccae, and B. longum subsp. Longum; C-section: Enterococcus and C. perfringens. |
| Shilts, et al.(
34
)
|
2016 |
Cohort/IV |
The taxonomic profile of the nasal microbiome of infants born vaginally was closer to the nasal microbiome previously found in adults, compared to infants born via C-section. This finding supports the hypothesis that the nasal microbiome of infants born vaginally may represent an environment successfully colonized by stable commensal microbiota. Vaginal delivery: Actinobacteria (Corynebacterium); C-section: Firmicutes (Staphylococcus). |
| Stokholm, et al.(
35
)
|
2016 |
Cohort/IV |
Type of birth was associated with different gut bacterial colonization patterns in early childhood, which normalizes during the first year of life. Elective and emergency C-sections were associated with distinctly different colonization patterns. Vaginal birth: E. coli; C-section: Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus.\ |
| Bäckhed, et al.(
36
)
|
2015 |
Cohort/IV |
The route of birth strongly affected the microbiome species in neonates. Vaginal birth: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Parabacteroides, Escherichia/Shigella; C-section: Enterobacter sp., Haemophilus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus australis, and Veillonella sp. |
| Dogra, et al.(
37
)
|
2015 |
Cohort/IV |
The bacteria colonizing newborns' bodies promote a long-lasting effect in the immune system or on the gut barrier function, driven by the type of delivery. Vaginal birth: Bifidobacterium and Collinsella. C-section: Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae, and Streptococcus. A lower or later colonization by Bifidobacteria was found among infants born via C-section; Bifidobacteria are considered to be ideal in a newborn's organism. |
| Dong, et al.(
38
)
|
2015 |
Cross-sectional/VI |
The route of the birth delivery had a more significant impact on the gut microbiota structure than on its diversity during the first 4 days of life. Vaginal birth: DAY 2: E coli and Bacteroides sp. DAY 4: Bifidobacterium sp and Bacteroides sp; C-section: DAY 2: Staphylococcus sp, Clostridium sp, and Enterobacter sp. DAY 4: Clostridium sp and Streptococcus sp. |
| Hesla, et al.(
39
)
|
2014 |
Cohort/IV |
Vaginal birth: Bacteroides. C-section: Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium, Haemophilus, Veillonella. |
| Jakobsson, et al.(
40
)
|
2014 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
A lower microbial diversity was found among infants born via C-section and lower circulating levels of the Th1-type chemokines, CXCL10 and CXCL11. |
| Makino, et al.(
41
)
|
2013 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
The number of Bifidobacteria was significantly lower among infants born through C-section than among infants born vaginally up to 7 days of age. Bifidobacteria gut colonization is considered to begin more rapidly among infants born vaginally than among infants born through C-sections. |
| Pandey, et al.(
42
)
|
2012 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
The initial colonization and acquisition of gut microbiota may strongly influence the status of cellular and humoral elements of the immune system of the gut mucosa during a newborn's life. Vaginal delivery: Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Acinetobacter sp., Bifidobacterium sp. C-section: Roseomonas pecuniae, Paracoccus sp., Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus vestibularis, Chryseomicrobium imtechense, and Staphylococcus sp., Clostridium difficile, Citrobacter sp. and Escherichia coli. |
| Biasucci, et al.(
43
)
|
2010 |
Well-designed controlled trial without randomization/III |
The study reports Bifidobacterium's presence in 13 of the 23 (56.5%) samples from infants born vaginally, but not in the samples obtained from infants born via C-section. |
| Dominguez-Bello, et al.(
44
)
|
2010 |
Randomized Clinical Trial/I |
The newborns harbored bacterial communities that were essentially undifferentiated on the skin, nasal, nasopharynx, and gut habitats, regardless of the type of birth delivery. These results show that human microbiota is homogeneously distributed throughout the body in the early stage of community development. |
