Table 3.
Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Adherence to Major Dietary Patterns among Pakistani Adults (n=535)
| Characteristics | Household’s Food Insecurity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Secure | Mildly Food Insecure | Moderately Food Insecure | Severely Food Insecure | ||
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | p-value* | |
| HH Diet Diversity | 2.5±1.6 | 2.7±1.2 | 2.3±1.0 | 1.9±1.5 | 0.006 |
| Average HH monthly income (n=352) | 62,059.5±31,496.1 | 60,448.2±477.5.6 | 49,742.8±43,138.1 | 51,250.5±42,997.6 | 0.063 |
| Number of family members (n=408) | 5.6±2.5 | 5.8±2.5 | 5.6±3.0 | 6.6±2.6 | 0.026 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value** | |
| Age groups (n=358) | |||||
| ≤35 years | 125 (62.2) | 5 (2.5) | 20 (10.0) | 51 (25.4) | 0.056 |
| >35 years | 106 (67.5) | 8 (5.1) | 20 (12.7) | 23 (14.6) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 115 (67.3) | 4 (2.3) | 10 (5.8) | 42 (24.6) | 0.014 |
| Married | 199 (1.2) | 21 (6.5) | 44 (13.5) | 61 (18.8) | |
| Divorced/Separated | 27 (69.2) | 4 (10.3) | 2 (5.1) | 6 (15.4) | |
| Education level | |||||
| No education | 23 (25.6) | 4 (4.4) | 32 (35.6) | 31 (34.4) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 34 (54.0) | 5 (7.9) | 13 (20.6) | 11 (17.5) | |
| Secondary/Intermediate | 123 (9.1) | 6 (3.9) | 5 (2.8) | 43 (24.2) | |
| Graduation | 109 (79.0) | 6 (4.3) | 4 (2.9) | 19 (13.8) | |
| Masters | 52 (78.8) | 7 (10.6) | 2 (3.0) | 5 (7.6) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Urdu Speakers | 88 (77.2) | 3 (2.6) | 7 (6.1) | 16 (14.0) | 0.031 |
| Sindhi | 60 (54.5) | 6 (6.4) | 17 (15.5) | 26 (23.6) | |
| Punjabi | 66 (62.3) | 5 (4.7) | 13 (12.3) | 22 (20.8) | |
| Balochi | 60 (58.3) | 11 (10.7) | 11 (10.7) | 19 (20.4) | |
| Pashto | 67 (65.7) | 3 (2.9) | 8 (7.8) | 24 (23.5) | |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 128 (72.7) | 6 (3.4) | 5 (2.8) | 37 (21.0) | <0.001 |
| Employed | 148 (54.2) | 21 (7.7) | 47 (17.2) | 57 (20.9) | |
| Self-employed (Business) | 65 (75.6) | 2 (2.3) | 4 (4.7) | 15 (17.4) | |
Notes: *p-value calculated using ANOVA analysis. **p-value calculated using Chi-square analysis.