Table 2.

Risk factors associated with diarrhea in small ruminants using univariate (χ²) and multivariate analysis (stepwise logistic regression)

Risk factors		No. of samples	Diarrhea cases (n=191)		P-value (univariate analysis)	P-value (multivariate analysis)	Odds ratio (95% CI)b
			No.	%
Age group	Pre-weaned	248	112	45.2	0.000	0.022	2.38 (1.66-3.41)
	Post-weaned	308	79	25.6
Sexa	Male	367	111	30.2	0.000	–c	–
	Female	163	77	47.2
Species	Sheep	334	117	35.0	0.680	–	–
	Goat	222	74	33.3
Season	Wet	295	68	23.0	0.000	0.022	2.39 (1.50-3.75)
	Dry	261	123	47.1
Herd size	Small	176	46	26.1	0.006	0.037	1.7 (1.17-2.58)
	Large	380	145	38.1
Housing system	Open	234	78	35.1	0.666	–	–
	Closed	322	113	33.3
Cryptosporidium d	Positive	47	34	72.3	0.000	0.000	5.86 (3.01-11.41)
	Negative	509	157	31.0
RVAd	Positive	9	2	22.2	0.440	–	–
	Negative	547	189	34.5
BCoVd	Positive	7	5	71.4	0.038	–	–
	Negative	549	186	34.0
E. coli K99d	Positive	32	25	78.1	0.000	0.000	7.70 (3.2-18.16)
	Negative	524	166	31.6
Eimeria spp.e	Positive	91	47	51.6	0.000	0.000	2.97 (2.06-4.28)
	Negative	465	144	31.0

^a Data not available from 26 animals, ^b 95% confidence interval of the estimated odds ratio, ^c No significant association was observed, ^d Detected by BoviD-4 kit, and ^e Detected by direct flotation technique. RVA: Rotavirus A, and BCoV: Bovine coronavirus