Table 3.
Characteristics associated with TBLH-BMCLBM Z-score in participants with HIV
| n (total N=279)* | Mean TBLH-BMCLBM Z-score† | Crude β coefficient (95% CI)‡ | p value | Adjusted β coefficient (95% CI)‡§ | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| 8–10 years | 94 | −0·58 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| 11–13 years | 94 | −0·48 | 0·13 (−0·18 to 0·43) | .. | 0·16 (−0·27 to 0·58) | .. |
| 14–16 years | 91 | −0·78 | −0·16 (−0·48 to 0·15) | 0·20 | −0·15 (−0·73 to 0·44) | 0·32 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 142 | −0·69 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Female | 137 | −0·53 | 0·14 (−0·13 to 0·40) | 0·30 | 0·12 (−0·14 to 0·38) | 0·36 |
| Pubertal stage | ||||||
| Tanner 1 | 107 | −0·63 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Tanner 2 | 56 | −0·74 | −0·07 (−0·43 to 0·29) | .. | 0·08 (−0·32 to 0·49) | .. |
| Tanner 3 | 49 | −0·67 | −0·02 (−0·37 to 0·33) | .. | 0·02 (−0·46 to 0·51) | .. |
| Tanner 4 | 40 | −0·51 | 0·12 (−0·34 to 0·58) | .. | 0·45 (−0·18 to 1·08) | .. |
| Tanner 5 | 12 | −0·64 | −0·05 (−0·70 to 0·59) | 0·95 | 0·20 (−0·60 to 1·01) | 0·52 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| High: tertile 3 | 78 | −0·62 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Middle: tertile 2 | 93 | −0·64 | −0·02 (−0·35 to 0·30) | .. | 0·03 (−0·26 to 0·39) | .. |
| Low: tertile 1 | 108 | −0·58 | 0·05 (−0·27 to 0·38) | 0·87 | 0·06 (−0·26 to 0·39) | 0·93 |
| Orphanhood | ||||||
| Not an orphan | 154 | −0·42 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| One or both parents dead | 113 | −0·84 | −0·45 (−0·71 to −0·18) | 0·0011 | −0·46 (−0·75 to −0·17) | 0·0023 |
| Physical activity level | ||||||
| High: >3000 MET minutes per week | 76 | −0·53 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Moderate: 600–3000 MET minutes per week | 69 | −0·62 | −0·09 (−0·43 to 0·26) | .. | 0·02 (−0·34 to 0·37) | .. |
| Low: <600 MET minutes per week | 134 | −0·65 | −0·13 (−0·44 to 0·18) | 0·71 | −0·03 (−0·35 to 0·29) | 0·96 |
| Daily dietary calcium intake | ||||||
| Moderate: 300–450 mg/day | 95 | −0·70 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Low: 150–299 mg/day | 60 | −0·64 | 0·07 (−0·28 to 0·42) | .. | 0·11 (−0·26 to 0·47) | .. |
| Very low: <150 mg/day | 124 | −0·53 | 0·20 (−0·09 to 0·48) | 0·39 | 0·24 (−0·06 to 0·53) | 0·30 |
| Daily dietary vitamin D intake | ||||||
| Moderate: 6·0–7·9 μg/day | 50 | −0·40 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Low: 4·0–5·9 μg/day | 190 | −0·62 | −0·18 (−0·51 to 0·15) | .. | −0·25 (−0·58 to 0·09) | .. |
| Very low: <4·0 μg/day | 39 | −0·82 | −0·38 (−0·83 to 0·06) | 0·25 | −0·50 (−0·96 to −0·03) | 0·11 |
| CD4 count | ||||||
| ≥500 cells per μL | 213 | −0·59 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| <500 cells per μL | 54 | −0·70 | −0·08 (−0·40 to 0·24) | 0·64 | −0·07 (−0·42 to 0·28) | 0·71 |
| HIV viral load | ||||||
| ≥1000 RNA copies per ml | 54 | −0·53 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| <1000 RNA copies per ml | 207 | −0·65 | −0·16 (−0·47 to 0·15) | 0·30 | −0·24 (−0·60 to 0·12) | 0·19 |
| Age at ART initiation | ||||||
| <4 years | 148 | −0·61 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| 4–8 years | 83 | −0·58 | 0·04 (−0·27 to 0·35) | .. | 0·11 (−0·23 to 0·45) | .. |
| >8 years | 48 | −0·68 | −0·02 (−0·37 to 0·33) | 0·94 | 0·21 (−0·21 to 0·63) | 0·62 |
| TDF years of exposure | ||||||
| None | 184 | −0·48 | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| <4 years | 59 | −0·80 | −0·30 (−0·61 to 0·02) | .. | −0·35 (−0·69 to 0·0003) | .. |
| ≥4 years | 36 | −0·95 | −0·48 (−0·93 to −0·02) | 0·037 | −0·52 (−1·04 to −0·003) | 0·046 |
TBLH-BMCLBM=total body less head bone mineral content for lean mass adjusted for height. MET=resting metabolic rate. ART=antiretroviral therapy. TDF=tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Non-missing data.
Arithmetic mean of non-missing data.
β coefficient from linear regression indicates the Z-score difference from the reference category; lower values indicate lower Z-scores; missing data for TBLH-BMCLBM Z-score (n=24), lumbar spine bone mineral apparent density Z-score (n=24), pubertal stage (n=16), orphanhood (n=13), CD4 cell count (n=15), and HIV viral load (n=35) were estimated with multiple imputation models.
Adjusted model includes age, sex, pubertal stage, orphanhood, socioeconomic status, physical activity, calcium and vitamin D intake, age at ART initiation, years of TDF exposure, CD4 cell count, and viral load.