Table 2.
Outcome measures at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up and results of mixed model analysis
| Outcome | Condition-by-time interaction, F (p), T0-T1 | Condition-by-time interaction, F (p), T0-T1-T2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | PF (n = 67) | AF (n = 70) | WL (n = 66) | PF-WL | AF-WL | PF-AF | ||||
| M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | |||||
| Primary outcome measure | ||||||||||
| Psychological distress ↓ | T0 | 12.5 | 0.7 | 12.4 | 0.7 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 2.87 (.093) | 2.98 (.087) | 1.21 (.301) |
| T1 | 12.4 | 0.8 | 12.8 | 0.9 | 14.7 | 0.8 | ||||
| T2 | 11.8 | 0.9 | 13.5 | 0.9 | - | - | ||||
| Secondary outcome measure | ||||||||||
| Positive mental health ↑ | T0 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 1.54 (.218) | .12 (.736) | 3.26 (.041)* |
| T1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.1 | - | - | ||||
| Caregiver strain ↓ | T0 | 7.5 | 0.3 | 6.9 | 0.3 | 7.3 | 0.3 | 1.51 (.223) | .01 (.913) | 1.47 (.223) |
| T1 | 6.9 | 0.4 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 7.3 | 0.3 | ||||
| T2 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 6.9 | 0.4 | - | - | ||||
| General health ↓ | T0 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.9 | .68 (.413) | .03 (.869) | .66 (.516) |
| T1 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | - | - | ||||
| Process measures | ||||||||||
| Psychological flexibility ↑ | T0 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 4.26 (.042)* | 2.07 (.154) | 7.57 (.001)*** |
| T1 | 5.3 | 0.1 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 5.0 | 0.1 | - | |||||
| Self-compassion ↑ | T0 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 2.22 (.139) | 2.48 (.119) | 3.16 (.045)* |
| T1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | - | - | ||||
| Resilience ↑ | T0 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 5.36 (.023)* | 3.16 (.078) | .16 (.854) |
| T1 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | - | - | ||||
| Posttraumatic growth ↑ | T0 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 8.9 | 0.9 | 8.9 | 0.9 | .72 (.399) | .18 (.675) | .95 (.388) |
| T1 | 16.2 | 1.0 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 14.6 | 0.9 | ||||
| T2 | 16.7 | 1.1 | 14.7 | 1.0 | - | - | ||||
| Sense of mastery ↑ | T0 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | .13 (.723) | .08 (.775) | 4.65 (.011)* |
| T1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | - | |||||
| Active engagement ↑ | T0 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | .66 (.419) | .10 (.752) | .17 (.831) |
| T1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | - | |||||
| Protective buffering ↓ | T0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 3.06 (.083) | 4.63 (.034)* | 4.48 (.013)* |
| T1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | - | |||||
| Overprotection ↓ | T0 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 4.95 (.028)* | 8.93 (.004)** | .11 (.895) |
| T1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | ||||
| T2 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | - | |||||
PF, personal feedback; AF, automatic feedback; WL, waiting list
M, estimated marginal mean; SE, standard error
Arrows (↑ or ↓) indicate the desirable direction for each of the outcome measures
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed)