Table 2.
Prevalence estimates and relative risk ratios for associations between sociodemographic indicators and referral source in separate models for 12–15, 16–17, and 18–29 age groups
| Referral source | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP (reference)a | Secondary health servicesb | Social/criminal justice servicesc | |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | Unadjusted RRR (95% CI) | Adjusted RRR (95% CI)d | n (%) | Unadjusted RRR (95% CI) | Adjusted RRR (95% CI)d | |
| Age 12–15 | 2227 (69.0) | 698 (21.6) | – | – | 302 (9.4) | – | – |
| Ethnicity (n = 2872) | |||||||
| White British | 1034 (75.0) | 276 (20.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 69 (5.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| White Other | 178 (74.8) | 45 (18.9) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.79 (0.52–1.19) | 15 (6.3) | 1.32 (0.73–2.39) | 1.06 (0.55–2.05) |
| Black Caribbean | 146 (64.6) | 45 (19.9) | 1.03 (0.69–1.53) | 0.96 (0.64–1.45) | 35 (15.5) | 3.15 (2.07–4.77) | 2.87 (1.88–4.37) |
| Black African | 93 (43.5) | 69 (32.2) | 2.20 (1.59–3.03) | 1.89 (1.27–2.81) | 52 (24.3) | 6.30 (4.03–9.83) | 5.06 (2.95–8.67) |
| Black British | 131 (63.6) | 49 (23.8) | 1.34 (0.97–1.85) | 1.40 (1.02–1.94) | 26 (12.6) | 3.40 (2.13–5.41) | 3.67 (2.31–5.84) |
| Asian | 85 (60.7) | 39 (27.9) | 1.51 (1.05–2.16) | 1.39 (0.95–2.04) | 16 (11.4) | 2.08 (1.15–3.78) | 1.61 (0.86–3.01) |
| Mixed | 218 (69.0) | 57 (18.0) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 41 (13.0) | 2.65 (1.76–3.99) | 2.72 (1.75–4.24) |
| Other | 89 (58.2) | 41 (26.8) | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 1.06 (0.66–1.70) | 23 (15.0) | 2.28 (1.40–3.74) | 1.65 (0.90–3.02) |
| Migration status (n = 989) | |||||||
| Non-migrant | 504 (62.2) | 243 (30.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 63 (7.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Migrant | 81 (45.3) | 67 (37.4) | 1.46 (1.07–2.01) | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | 31 (17.3) | 2.21 (1.36–3.58) | 1.32 (0.68–2.56) |
| Gender (n = 3227) | |||||||
| Female | 1367 (69.3) | 458 (23.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 149 (7.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 675 (70.9) | 148 (15.6) | 0.67 (0.55–0.83) | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | 129 (13.6) | 1.99 (1.62–2.45) | 2.14 (1.71–2.66) |
| Age 16–17 | 1032 (55.5) | 626 (33.6) | – | – | 203 (10.9) | – | – |
| Ethnicity (n = 1659) | |||||||
| White British | 449 (62.4) | 236 (32.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 35 (4.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| White Other | 91 (61.5) | 39 (26.4) | 0.79 (0.55–1.15) | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) | 18 (12.2) | 2.31 (1.31–4.08) | 1.72 (0.76–3.86) |
| Black Caribbean | 51 (43.6) | 45 (38.5) | 1.42 (0.96–2.10) | 1.39 (0.92–2.08) | 21 (18.0) | 4.49 (2.48–8.15) | 4.41 (2.27–8.57) |
| Black African | 57 (33.3) | 77 (45.0) | 2.11 (1.51–2.93) | 2.01 (1.31–3.08) | 37 (21.6) | 7.17 (4.26–12.05) | 5.68 (2.72–11.85) |
| Black British | 36 (38.3) | 37 (39.4) | 1.73 (1.12–2.65) | 1.81 (1.17–2.80) | 21 (22.3) | 6.44 (3.58–11.57) | 7.32 (3.88–13.80) |
| Asian | 60 (46.5) | 49 (38.0) | 1.51 (1.03–2.20) | 1.52 (0.97–2.38) | 20 (15.5) | 3.68 (2.06–6.59) | 2.52 (1.24–5.10) |
| Mixed | 74 (55.2) | 42 (31.3) | 1.01 (0.66–1.51) | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) | 18 (13.4) | 2.78 (1.51–5.12) | 3.01 (1.52–5.95) |
| Other | 76 (52.1) | 53 (36.3) | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) | 1.09 (0.68–1.76) | 17 (11.6) | 2.37 (1.33–4.22) | 1.34 (0.56–3.22) |
| Migration status (n = 744) | |||||||
| Non-migrant | 200 (37.2) | 299 (55.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 39 (7.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Migrant | 70 (34.0) | 105 (51.0) | 0.99 (0.68–1.47) | 1.08 (0.73–1.58) | 31 (15.1) | 2.31 (1.60–3.35) | 1.11 (0.55–2.24) |
| Gender (n = 1861) | |||||||
| Female | 685 (56.1) | 447 (36.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 89 (7.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 347 (54.2) | 179 (28.0) | 0.75 (0.61–0.93) | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 114 (17.8) | 2.42 (1.78–3.30) | 2.60 (1.84–3.67) |
| Age 18–29 | 4132 (43.7) | 5063 (53.5) | – | – | 266 (2.8) | – | – |
| Ethnicity (n = 8631) | |||||||
| White British | 1671 (40.8) | 2322 (56.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 102 (2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| White Other | 341 (35.4) | 543 (61.3) | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 29 (3.3) | 1.57 (1.04–2.37) | 1.57 (0.90–2.75) |
| Black Caribbean | 173 (41.6) | 227 (54.6) | 0.94 (0.77–1.13) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 16 (3.9) | 2.79 (1.08–2.96) | 2.06 (1.23–3.43) |
| Black African | 256 (32.2) | 498 (62.6) | 1.48 (1.26–1.75) | 1.30 (1.04–1.63) | 42 (5.3) | 3.28 (2.23–4.81) | 3.67 (2.28–5.90) |
| Black British | 75 (25.7) | 199 (68.2) | 1.73 (1.36–2.20) | 1.78 (1.39–2.28) | 18 (6.2) | 3.96 (2.34–6.70) | 4.63 (2.68–7.99) |
| Asian | 226 (33.7) | 433 (64.6) | 1.41 (1.21–1.65) | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) | 11 (1.6) | 0.95 (0.46–1.97) | 0.91 (0.45–1.84) |
| Mixed | 119 (44.4) | 139 (51.9) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | 10 (3.7) | 1.48 (0.75–2.92) | 1.60 (0.80–3.22) |
| Other | 763 (63.2) | 427 (35.4) | 0.48 (0.43–0.55) | 0.39 (0.32–0.49) | 18 (1.5) | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 0.48 (0.25–0.94) |
| Migration status (n = 5384) | |||||||
| Non-migrant | 894 (25.4) | 2514 (71.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 110 (3.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Migrant | 483 (25.9) | 1322 (70.9) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) | 61 (3.3) | 1.13 (0.83–1.54) | 0.90 (0.54–1.48) |
| Gender (n = 9461) | |||||||
| Female | 2554 (44.6) | 3086 (53.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 91 (1.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1578 (42.3) | 1977 (53.0) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 175 (4.7) | 2.88 (2.23–3.72) | 3.14 (2.41–4.10) |
Frequencies and proportions were calculated using the original, non-imputed dataset. Relative risk ratios were calculated using the imputed dataset
aGP, general practice, is the reference group
bSecondary health services include A&E, other clinical speciality, and other mental health trust
cSocial/criminal justice includes local authority and non-SLaM social services, courts, police, probation services, and youth justice services
dModels adjusted for ethnicity, migration status, gender, household composition, year of referral, and CGAS score (continuous) for those aged 12–15 and 16–17 or HoNOS score (continuous) for those aged 18–29