Table 4.
Changes in frequencies of psychiatric disorders with comorbid substance use from T1 to T2
| Any psychiatric disorder | Anxiety disorders | Mood disorders | ADHD | Other psychiatric disorders | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | RDa % (95% CI) p value |
T1 | T2 | RD % (95% CI) p value |
T1 | T2 | RD % (95% CI) p value |
T1 | T2 | RD % (95% CI) p value |
T1 | T2 | RD % (95% CI) p value |
||
| Total (n = 464) | ||||||||||||||||
|
Smokingb n/ndisorderc (%) |
99/304 (32.6) | 90/330 (27.3) | 29/97 (29.9) | 53/185 (28.7) | 30/75 (40.0) | 29/76 (38.2) | 46/147 (31.3) | 45/188 (23.9) | 25/76 (32.9) | 35/106 (33.0) | ||||||
| n/ntotald (%) | 99/328 (30.2) | 90/459 (19.6) |
− 10.6 (− 10.4, 0.5) 0.074 |
29/414 (7.0) | 53/463 (11.5) |
4.5 (2.0, 9.2) 0.002 |
30/440 (6.8) | 29/463 (6.3) |
− 0.5 (− 3.0, 2.6) 0.882 |
46/407 (11.3) | 45/460 (9.8) |
− 1.5 (− 4.4, 2.9) 0.680 |
25/420 (6.0) | 35/463 (7.6) |
1.6 (− 1.2, 4.7) 0.228 |
|
|
Alcohol usee n/ndisorder (%) |
217/440 (49.3) | 207/321 (64.5) | 71/147 (48.3) | 118/180 (65.6) | 65/99 (65.7) | 46/75 (61.3) | 91/204 (44.6) | 121/183 (66.1) | 58/120 (48.3) | 63/102 (61.8) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 217/464 (46.8) | 207/450 (46.0) |
− 0.8 (− 8.1, 6.9) 0.875 |
71/464 (15.3) | 118/458 (25.8) |
10.5 (6.3, 16.3) < 0.001 |
65/464 (14.0) | 46/462 (10.0) |
− 4.0 (− 7.8, 0.3) 0.033 |
91/464 (19.6) | 121/455 (26.6) |
7.0 (3.6, 13.1) < 0.001 |
58/464 (12.5) | 63/459 (13.7) |
1.2 (− 2.6, 5.1) 0.518 |
|
|
Drug usef n/ndisorder (%) |
61/437 (14.0) | 113/329 (34.4) | 18/147 (12.2) | 69/185 (37.3) | 18/99 (18.2) | 35/76 (46.1) | 33/201 (16.4) | 69/187 (36.9) | 15/120 (12.5) | 45/105 (42.9) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 61/461 (13.2) | 113/458 (24.7) |
11.5 (8.3, 16.5) < 0.001 |
18/464 (3.9) | 69/463 (14.9) |
11.0 (7.8, 14.7) < 0.001 |
18/464 (3.9) | 35/463 (7.6) |
3.7 (0.8, 6.6) 0.011 |
33/461 (7.2) | 69/459 (15.0) |
7.8 (5.1, 11.6) < 0.001 |
15/464 (3.2) | 45/462 (9.7) |
6.5 (3.6, 9.6) < 0.001 |
|
| Girls (n = 256) | ||||||||||||||||
|
Smoking n/ndisorder (%) |
66/178 (37.1) | 56/189 (29.6) | 23/66 (34.9) | 44/142 (31.0) | 25/65 (38.5) | 24/65 (36.9) | 26/63 (41.3) | 20/89 (22.5) | 14/39 (35.9) | 20/50 (40.0) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 66/189 (34.9) | 56/254 (22.1) |
− 12.8 (− 14.8, 0.6) 0.069 |
23/226 (10.2) | 44/255 (17.3) |
7.1 (3.6, 14.9) 0.001 |
25/239 (10.5) | 24/255 (9.4) |
− 1.1 (− 5.2, 4.4) 0.873 |
26/236 (11.0) | 20/254 (7.9) |
− 3.1 (− 8.0, 1.1) 0.131 |
14/243 (5.8) | 20/256 (7.8) |
2.0 (− 1.8, 5.6) 0.297 |
|
|
Alcohol use n/ndisorder (%) |
140/245 (57.1) | 130/187 (69.5) | 55/96 (57.3) | 97/140 (69.3) | 57/82 (69.5) | 42/64 (65.6) | 41/83 (49.4) | 61/88 (69.3) | 34/52 (65.4) | 39/50 (78.0) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 140/256 (54.7) | 130/252 (51.6) |
− 3.1 (− 15.5, 6.4) 0.414 |
55/256 (21.5) | 97/253 (38.3) |
16.8 (10.7, 26.7) < 0.001 |
57/256 (22.3) | 42/254 (16.5) |
− 5.8 (− 12.4, 0.6) 0.071 |
41/256 (16.0) | 61/253 (24.1) |
8.1 (3.3, 15.1) 0.002 |
34/256 (13.3) | 39/256 (15.2) |
1.9 (− 3.5, 7.4) 0.484 |
|
|
Drug use n/ndisorder (%) |
37/244 (15.2) | 73/189 (38.6) | 12/96 (12.5) | 57/142 (40.1) | 15/82 (18.3) | 30/65 (46.2) | 20/82 (24.4) | 38/89 (42.7) | 8/52 (15.4) | 29/50 (58.0) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 37/255 (14.5) | 73/254 (28.7) |
14.2 (9.7, 21.7) < 0.001 |
12/256 (4.7) | 57/255 (22.4) |
17.7 (12.8, 23.7) < 0.001 |
15/256 (5.9) | 30/255 (11.8) |
5.9 (1.0, 10.6) 0.016 |
20/255 (7.8) | 38/254 (15.0) |
7.2 (2.5, 11.8) 0.002 |
8/256 (3.1) | 29/256 (11.3) |
8.2 (3.6, 10.9) < 0.001 |
|
| Boys (n = 208) | ||||||||||||||||
|
Smoking n/ndisorder (%) |
33/126 (26.2) | 34/141 (24.1) | 6/31 (19.4) | 9/43 (20.9) | 5/10 (50.0) | 5/11 (45.5) | 20/84 (23.8) | 25/99 (25.3) | 11/37 (29.7) | 15/56 (26.8) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 33/138 (23.9) | 34/205 (16.6) |
− 7.3 (− 10.1, 5.7) 0.578 |
6/177 (3.4) | 9/208 (4.3) |
0.9 (− 3.3, 5.5) 0.593 |
5/201 (2.5) | 5/208 (2.4) |
− 0.1 (− 2.6, 2.6) 1 |
20/171 (11.7) | 25/206 (12.1) |
0.4 (− 3.1, 9.3) 0.317 |
11/177 (6.2) | 15/207 (7.3) |
1.1 (− 3.4, 6.6) 0.513 |
|
|
Alcohol use n/ndisorder (%) |
77/195 (39.5) | 77/134 (57.5) | 16/51 (31.4) | 21/40 (52.5) | 8/17 (47.1) | 4/11 (36.4) | 50/121 (41.3) | 60/95 (63.2) | 24/68 (35.3) | 24/52 (46.2) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 77/208 (37.0) | 77/198 (38.9) |
1.9 (− 6.2, 13.7) 0.460 |
16/208 (7.7) | 21/205 (10.2) |
2.5 (− 2.6, 8.6) 0.289 |
8/208 (3.9) | 4/208 (1.9) |
− 2.0 (− 5.3, 1.3) 0.206 |
50/208 (24.0) | 60/202 (29.7) |
5.7 (− 0.6, 15.3) 0.069 |
24/208 (11.5) | 24/203 (11.8) |
0.3 (− 5.5, 6.6) 0.866 |
|
|
Drug use n/ndisorder (%) |
24/193 (12.4) | 40/140 (28.6) | 6/51 (11.8) | 12/43 (27.9) | 3/17 (17.7) | 5/11 (45.5) | 13/119 (10.9) | 31/98 (31.6) | 7/68 (10.3) | 16/55 (29.1) | ||||||
| n/ntotal (%) | 24/206 (11.7) | 40/204 (19.6) |
7.9 (3.4, 15.2) 0.002 |
6/208 (2.9) | 12/208 (5.8) |
2.9 (− 0.8, 7.0) 0.109 |
3/208 (1.4) | 5/208 (2.4) |
1.0 (− 1.8, 4.0) 0.414 |
13/206 (6.3) | 31/205 (15.1) |
8.8 (5.6, 15.1) < 0.001 |
7/208 (3.4) | 16/206 (7.8) |
4.4 (0.2, 9.0) 0.039 |
|
Newcombe confidence intervals and McNemar asymptotic p values are based on paired data displayed in Supplementary Material Table S8
Psychiatric disorder includes both primary and additional diagnoses, based on only complete cases (diagnostic assessment at both T1 and T2)
aRD is risk difference, the difference between the proportions of patients with psychiatric disorder and comorbid substance use at T2 compared with T1
bSmoking included daily or occasional smokers (T1 and T2)
cn/ndisorder means that there are (n) numbers of patients with comorbid substance use among the patients with the actual psychiatric disorder
dn/ntotal means that there are (n) numbers of patients with comorbid substance use among the total sample of patients
eAlcohol use was indicated by answering “yes” to the following questions: T1: “Do you sometimes drink alcohol presently?”, and T2: “Have you drunk alcohol during the last four weeks?”
fDrug use was indicated by answering “yes” to the question: “Have you ever tried hash, marijuana, or other illicit drugs?” (T1 and T2)