. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 9.

Published in final edited form as: Pharmacogenomics J. 2021 Mar 9;21(4):484–490. doi: 10.1038/s41397-021-00226-8

Table 1:

Patient Characteristics at Time of First Codeine Prescription

	Normal/Ultrarapid CYP2D6 Metabolizer n=88	Poor/Intermediate CYP2D6 Metabolizer n=69	p-value
Sex, female (%)	60 (68)	46 (67)	0.87
Age (years), median [IQR]	57 [45–69]	58 [47–70]	0.59
Race, European ancestry (%)	69 (78)	63 (91)	0.03
BMI (kg/m²)	27.9 [23.5–32.6]	29.5 [24.0–33.8]	0.32
Indication
Malignancy (%)	7 (8)	5 (7)	1.00
Back pain (%)	17 (19)	13 (19)	1.00
Joint pain (%)	29 (33)	23 (33)	1.00
Trauma/Surgery (%)	16 (18)	9 (13)	0.51
Other (%)	19 (22)	19 (28)	0.45
Concomitant pain medications^* (%)	73 (83)	51 (74)	0.17
Concomitant strong CYP2D6 inhibitors^** (%)	7 (8)	12 (17)	0.09
Baseline pain score, median [IQR]	7 [6–8]	7 [6–7]	0.67
Calendar year of codeine prescription, median [IQR]	2010 [2008–2012]	2011 [2008–2013]	0.58
Number of pain scores during exposure to codeine, median [IQR]	1 [1–2]	1 [1–1]	0.05

concomitant pain medications include NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin, and pregabalin

^**

concomitant strong inhibitors include bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and terbinafine