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. 2021 Jul 21;11:14917. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94364-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Humoral responses in the SC versus IN prime with SC or IN boost study. (a) CD-1 mice were untreated (n = 4) or received an SC prime, SC boost (n = 8); IN prime, IN boost (n = 7); or SC prime, IN boost (n = 8). (b) Sera anti-S antibodies by subclass (dilution 1:30) are shown as well as (c) percent inhibition in the surrogate neutralization assay where inhibition of 30% (dashed line) or greater is correlated with neutralization of live virus. (d) Sera anti-N IgG by subclass (dilution 1:270). (e) Lung homogenate anti-S IgG by subclass (dilution 1:30), (f) inhibition in the surrogate assay, and (g) anti-N IgG by subclass (dilution 1:30). (h) Lung homogenate anti-S and anti-N IgA. (i) The IgG2a + IgG2b + IgG3/IgG1 ratio for sera and lung anti-S and anti-N antibodies where values greater than 1 (dashed line) indicate Th1 bias. The ratio is not represented for mice with very low antibody production. Statistical analyses performed using One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis comparing each group to every other group where *p < 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; and ****p ≤ 0.0001. Data graphed as the mean with SEM.