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. 2021 Jul 21;11:14900. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94047-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surgical approach. (a) We developed a technique to insert highly flexible electronics into the ventral aspect of the cervical rat spinal cord using a dorsal thoracic approach. (b) (i) low bending stiffness biocompatible arrays were fixed to a 3D printed guide probe with biocompatible silk polymer fibroin to (ii) aid in insertion. (iii) Following 2 months of implantation, the array remained positioned at the C5/C6 spinal level lateral to midline. (c) IHC stains for GFAP revealed low bending stiffness arrays do not exhibit enhanced GFAP signal (green) near the spinal surface most proximal to the array, though arrays do appear to become encapsulated in connective tissue over time. Red dashed box—approximate array location, yellow box—location of inset, *all scale bars indicate 500 µm.