TABLE 1.
ATPases and GTPases co-opted by HIV-1 during its replication cycle are presented in the order that they appear in the text.
| ATPase/GTPase | Process in the HIV-1 replicative cycle | References |
| Dynamin | • Viral membrane fusion with the host cell. • Stabilization of the HIV-1 entry pore. • Work together with Actin and Bar domain proteins to facilitate the release of viral nucleocapsid into the cytosol. |
Miyauchi et al., 2009; de la Vega et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2012; Aggarwal et al., 2017; Jones et al., 2017 |
| Rab5 and Rab7 | • Involved in endocytic entry of HIV-1 | Vidricaire and Tremblay, 2005; Marin et al., 2019 |
| Ran | • HIV PIC nuclear import. • Interacts with TRN-SR2 to release HIV PIC in the nucleoplasm. • Nuclear egress of Crm1-Rev-RRE-cargo complex. • Ran GDP, together with Importin-β, promotes Rev nuclear import. |
Malim et al., 1989a; Fornerod et al., 1997; Henderson and Percipalle, 1997; Neville et al., 1997; Askjaer et al., 1998; Christ et al., 2008; König et al., 2008; Dong et al., 2009; Monecke et al., 2009; Güttler et al., 2010; Krishnan et al., 2010; De Iaco and Luban, 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Larue et al., 2012; Valle-Casuso et al., 2012; Taltynov et al., 2013; Behrens et al., 2017 |
| ABCE1 | • HIV-1 assembly. | Lingappa et al., 1997, 2006; Zimmerman et al., 2002; Dooher and Lingappa, 2004; Dooher et al., 2007; Klein et al., 2011; Reed et al., 2018 |
| ARF-1 | • Viral particle production. • Trans-infection at virological synapse. |
Joshi et al., 2008, 2009b; Bayliss et al., 2020 |
| ARF-3 | • Viral particle production. | Joshi et al., 2008 |
| ARF-5 | • Viral particle production. | Joshi et al., 2008 |
| ARF-6 | • Regulates CD4-dependent HIV-1 entry and infection by controlling PI(4,5)P2 dynamics at PM. | García-Expósito et al., 2011 |
| Rab7A | • Env processing. • Env incorporation into virions. • Release of the viral particle. |
Caillet et al., 2011 |
| Rab7L1 (Rab29) | • Trans-infection at virological synapse. | Bayliss et al., 2020 |
| Rab8A | • Trans-infection at virological synapse. | Bayliss et al., 2020 |
| Rab9 | • Viral particle production. • Gag transport to HIV-1 assembly site. • Together with TIP47, help the retrograde transport of Env from endosome to TGN. |
Blot et al., 2003; Murray et al., 2005 |
| Rab11A | • Control the levels of cellular and viral particle-associated Env. • FIP1C (Rab11 effector) reroutes Env to recycling endosomes. |
Qi et al., 2013; Kirschman et al., 2018 |
| Rab27A | • Participates in Gag, PI4KIIα and PI(4,5)P2 levels at cell surface. • HIV-1 assembly. • Trans-infection at virological synapse. |
Gerber et al., 2015 |
| Rac1 | • Promote pore formation and expansion during HIV-1 entry • control Gag levels at the cell surface and VLP release. • Gag expression activates Rac1 and increases F-actin content. |
Pontow et al., 2004, 2007; Harmon et al., 2010; Vorster et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2015 |
| RhoA | • HIV-1 entry via stabilization of the fusion complex. • gp41 binds p115-RhoGEF which play a role in viral replication. • Control monocyte migration and adhesion, which may affect HIV-1 dissemination. • Activation of a RhoA–ROCK–LIMK–Cofilin signaling cascade mediated by Filamin-A facilitates HIV-1 entry |
Zhang et al., 1999; Wang L. et al., 2000; Hodges et al., 2007; Jiménez-Baranda et al., 2007; Lucera et al., 2017 |
| Cdc42 | • Promotes plasma membrane expansions that facilitate viral transfer from DCs to T cells • Promotes HIV-1 T cell infection. |
Nikolic et al., 2011; Shrivastava et al., 2015; Lucera et al., 2017 |
| VPS4 | • ESCRT-dependent HIV-1 assembly and budding. | Baumgärtel et al., 2011; Jouvenet et al., 2011; Bleck et al., 2014; Van Engelenburg et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2018 |