TABLE 1.
Blood metabolites measured using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Metabolites are listed in alphabetical order.
| ACD | Citrate | EDTA | Fluoride | Heparin | Serum | HMDB reference values b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 8) | (N = 8) | (N = 8) | (N = 8) | (N = 8) | (N = 8) | (uM) | |
| 2-Aminobutyrate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 22.4 (6.4) | 22.7 (6.9) | 24.0 (7.9) | 24.8 (8.0) | 24.3 (8.8) | 24.4 (8.1) | 23.0 (15.0–31.0) |
| Cynober (2002) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 23.7 (13.3–30.7) | 23.4 (13.4–31.1) | 25.7 (13.0–34.6) | 25.5 (12.5–34.8) | 25.2 (11.7–34.9) | 25.3 (13.0–35.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.3 (2.9) | 5.4 (3.9) | 7.4 (4.4) | 5.4 (3.3) | 7.2 (5.7) | 6.8 (4.45) | |
| 2-Hydroxybutyrate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 20.8 (6.8) | 25.5 (8.8) | 29.2 (10.4) | 31.4 (10.3) | 30.1 (8.7) | 31.8 (10.1) | 31.3 (7.8) |
| Zordoky et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 18.6 (15.6–35.9) | 21.8 (18.3–45.3) | 25.2 (21.5–52.7) | 28.3 (22.0–55.0) | 28.3 (21.5–48.5) | 28.7 (23.6–54.8) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.3 (2.5) | 3.2 (1.7) | 5.9 (3.3) | 3.2 (0.8) | 7.2 (6.5) | 3.5 (3.0) | |
| 2-Hydroxyisovalerate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.4 (1.7) | 5.5 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.9) | 6.1 (2.9) | 6.5 (3.1) | 7.7 (0.0–19.0) |
| Lentner (1981-1992) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 3.7 (3.1–8.2) | 4.8 (3.2–9.8) | 4.9 (3.4–11.6) | 5.2 (3.2–12.1) | 5.0 (3.4–12.1) | 5.5 (3.2–12.6) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 6.9 (6.4) | 10.8 (5.5) | 7.3 (3.4) | 7.4 (3.8) | 8.4 (4.1) | 4.9 (3.3) | |
| 2-Oxoglutarate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.5) | 7.89 (1.9) | 9.8 (2.3) | 6.4 (2.7) | 8.4 (2.1) | 9.1 (2.4) | 8.9 (2.7) |
| Lentner (1981-1992) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 6.7 (4.9–8.7) | 7.3 (5.6–11.4) | 9.2 (7.6–13.8) | 5.9 (2.6–11.2) | 7.8 (6.4–12.6) | 9.1 (6.2–13.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 7.1 (6.1) | 9.9 (5.8) | 7.0 (4.3) | 10.5 (5.9) | 7.6 (2.5) | 9.2 (5.3) | |
| 2-Oxoisocaproate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.7 (0.8) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.3) | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.5) | 28.0 (0.0–58.0) |
| Hoffmann et al. (1993) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 3.6 (2.7–5.3) | 4.5 (3.2–6.9) | 4.5 (3.7–7.6) | 4.8 (3.7–8.3) | 4.9 (3.7–8.2) | 5.1 (3.8–8.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 9.7 (5.6) | 4.7 (1.5) | 9.2 (6.5) | 7.1 (4.8) | 8.3 (3.8) | 6.7 (4.6) | |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 58.1 (71.1) | 60.0 (69.9) | 83.1 (108.1) | 83.1 (108.1) | 71.7 (74.9) | 74.1 (84.4) | 76.9 (66.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 31.1 (20.4–230.7) | 30.8 (22.3–228.3) | 37.8 (30.9–345.4) | 39.6 (30.9–346.2) | 38.5 (30.4–247.7) | 38.1 (31.4–277.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.7 (3.8) | 2.9 (1.8) | 5.4 (3.5) | 2.9 (0.9) | 7.9 (7.7) | 4.4 (2.5) | |
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.6 (2.1) | 14.1 (2.2) | 15.9 (2.3) | 15.0 (2.0) | 15.9 (2.4) | 16.4 (2.3) | 21.0 (2.0) |
| Avogaro and Bier (1989) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 11.8 (10.8–16.2) | 13.3 (11.9–18.8) | 15.5 (13.0–19.8) | 15.2 (11.2–18.0) | 15.5 (12.1–20.3) | 16.0 (13.6–21.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.3 (3.4) | 3.0 (3.1) | 5.4 (2.8) | 4.6 (1.4) | 7.1 (5.3) | 3.9 (2.6) | |
| 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 10.9 (2.1) | 13.5 (3.1) | 14.7 (3.5) | 15.3 (4.0) | 15.5 (4.3) | 15.9 (3.7) | 11.0 (1.7) |
| Lentner (1981-1992) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 10.7 (7.8–15.7) | 13.6 (9.3–20.0) | 14.4 (10.2–22.6) | 15.0 (10.7–24.1) | 14.5 (11.2–25.5) | 15.3 (11.0–23.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.2 (3.5) | 2.4 (1.8) | 5.0 (3.3) | 4.4 (1.7) | 6.2 (7.2) | 4.0 (3.0) | |
| Acetate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 39.1 (8.7) | 56.9 (12.6) | 60.6 (14.6) | 51.7 (14.3) | 43.2 (13.1) | 38.1 (9.1) | 41.9 (15.1) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 40.1 (25.3–51.0) | 59.5 (38.6–74.6) | 63.1 (41.5–81.6) | 50.3 (36.7–78.2) | 43.3 (27.5–62.7) | 40.4 (25.5–50.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.6 (3.7) | 4.5 (3.2) | 6.1 (4.3) | 2.8 (1.4) | 9.2 (6.9) | 6.4 (1.9) | |
| Acetoacetate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 26.9 (23.9) | 57.3 (20.4) | 37.4 (37.1) | 37.9 (38.1) | 31.5 (20.9) | 29.2 (21.0) | 40.6 (36.5) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 18.6 (9.3–84.4) | 51.2 (41.3–105.3) | 25.8 (14.0–127.1) | 24.9 (15.0–130.3) | 25.0 (13.5–78.3) | 22.6 (13.2–78.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.4 (4.7) | 2.4 (2.1) | 4.8 (2.8) | 3.5 (2.6) | 8.1 (7.0) | 4.9 (2.5) | |
| Acetone | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 33.8 (12.1) | 115.0 (20.0) | 20.6 (16.6) | 18.6 (15.4) | 19.2 (15.0) | 20.49 (15.9) | 54.4 (29.6) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 29.7 (24.4–59.7) | 121.7 (83.6–137.0) | 14.0 (9.1–57.4) | 13.7 (7.4–52.8) | 15.0 (7.6–51.7) | 15.0 (8.0–54.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 7.6 (4.0) | 4.9 (3.3) | 8.8 (4.4) | 8.8 (5.3) | 9.7 (6.6) | 8.2 (3.7) | |
| Alanine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 274.7 (44.7) | 287.1 (51.7) | 331.1 (63.3) | 291.3 (52.6) | 331.1 (65.8) | 370.9 (60.5) | 427.2 (84.4) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 271.5 (195.0–339.6) | 278.5 (207.5–356.4) | 324.7 (232.6–431.1) | 284.5 (204.7–372.1) | 327.6 (218.0–421.5) | 369.4 (272.1–460.4) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.1 (3.5) | 2.1 (0.8) | 4.9 (2.8) | 2.5 (1.5) | 6.1 (5.7) | 3.4 (2.0) | |
| Arginine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 59.9 (8.6) | 60.4 (9.6) | 64.2 (7.2) | 64.3 (11.0) | 64.9 (12.3) | 78.1 (9.2) | 113.6 (14.6) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 61.7 (44.4–73.8) | 62.4 (41.6–75.0) | 61.1 (54.1–72.7) | 62.8 (47.8–78.0) | 67.1 (39.7–78.1) | 80.4 (61.9–89.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 8.5 (6.7) | 10.7 (5.9) | 12.1 (5.1) | 12.7 (8.3) | 11.2 (4.3) | 6.5 (3.3) | |
| Asparagine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.7 (6.2) | 42.1 (6.2) | 48.9 (7.5) | 42.3 (7.6) | 48.7 (7.8) | 52.8 (8.7) | 41.0 (10.0) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 41.9 (28.3–45.0) | 40.2 (35.2–50.6) | 49.5 (40.0–58.9) | 45.0 (29.8–52.6) | 50.5 (34.3–57.8) | 54.9 (40.6–63.6) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 7.3 (3.2) | 8.7 (3.6) | 11.4 (3.5) | 7.6 (4.6) | 6.2 (5.7) | 5.5 (2.8) | |
| Betaine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 35.4 (11.3) | 33.0 (11.5) | 40.3 (14.6) | 33.3 (12.1) | 40.1 (14.9) | 41.9 (14.8) | 72.0 (22.4) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 35.9 (13.2–51.6) | 33.5 (11.2–50.4) | 40.9 (15.4–65.1) | 33.2 (12.1–53.9) | 38.5 (15.4–66.6) | 42.1 (15.2–67.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.8 (3.4) | 4.5 (3.6) | 10.4 (5.3) | 4.7 (1.8) | 6.3 (5.6) | 3.6 (3.2) | |
| Butyrate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.7) | 5.0 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.5 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.3–1.5) |
| Lentner (1981-1992) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 2.9 (2.5–4.0) | 3.7 (2.6–4.7) | 4.0 (3.2–5.4) | 4.8 (3.4–6.8) | 4.2 (3.1–6.7) | 4.4 (3.5–5.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 12.3 (4.8) | 6.7 (2.8) | 10.1 (3.7) | 8.7 (3.1) | 11.2 (4.4) | 8.3 (5.0) | |
| Carnitine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 33.6 (3.6) | 28.1 (3.2) | 34.6 (5.5) | 29.6 (3.9) | 33.4 (5.7) | 34.3 (5.1) | 45.7 (11.6) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 32.7 (30.4–41.6) | 26.2 (25.4–33.6) | 35.9 (27.8–41.9) | 29.1 (24.0–37.2) | 31.6 (26.8–45.4) | 32.6 (29.7–45.7) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.1 (4.0) | 3.2 (2.6) | 11.1 (6.7) | 3.6 (1.9) | 7.8 (6.6) | 5.7 (1.7) | |
| Choline | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.1) | 9.6 (5.5) | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.3 (1.5) | 8.1 (1.4) | 14.5 (5.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 6.3 (5.2–9.3) | 6.1 (4.8–8.6) | 7.6 (6.0–23.0) | 7.2 (5.9–10.3) | 7.1 (5.6–10.3) | 7.8 (6.7–11.4) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 6.0 (2.0) | 7.9 (6.0) | 15.3 (18.7) | 4.0 (1.7) | 9.5 (6.5) | 4.1 (2.4) | |
| Citrate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 32,811.3 (2,920.0) | 21,014.6 (1,592.1) | 117.6 (30.2) | 124.7 (34.9) | 90.4 (27.2) | 109.9 (32.4) | 114.2 (27.0) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 32,460.3 (28,837.0–37,319.6) | 20,813.0 (18,344.4–22,967.5) | 111.1 (66.7–162.7) | 118.1 (69.7–184.5) | 83.8 (49.2–129.8) | 102.9 (60.0–167.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.1 (3.3) | 1.9 (1.8) | 11.4 (4.6) | 4.4 (1.9) | 10.0 (6.3) | 5.6 (4.0) | |
| Creatine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.7 (14.8) | 27.1 (14.4) | 34.5 (19.6) | 30.3 (16.8) | 33.1 (17.2) | 34.9 (18.1) | 36.7 (28.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 24.0 (11.6–52.7) | 24.8 (11.4–51.5) | 29.2 (13.7–69.1) | 26.5 (12.1–59.7) | 30.1 (12.5–64.1) | 31.3 (14.4–65.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.1 (3.3) | 3.6 (2.3) | 6.1 (2.9) | 4.8 (1.7) | 7.0 (6.0) | 4.3 (2.3) | |
| Creatinine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.9 (9.8) | 55.1 (11.1) | 63.1 (13.5) | 58.8 (13.9) | 63.3 (13.0) | 65.8 (13.2) | 86.6 (18.8) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 56.6 (36.3–64.6) | 61.0 (41.0–66.9) | 67.4 (44.1–82.6) | 65.1 (38.7–75.6) | 66.5 (47.6–82.1) | 71.7 (46.5–82.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.2 (3.7) | 2.5 (1.9) | 5.9 (3.6) | 3.6 (1.6) | 7.4 (6.3) | 3.5 (1.9) | |
| Dimethyl sulfone | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.6 (1.6) | 6.1 (1.9) | 7.2 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.9) | 6.8 (1.8) | 7.3 (2.2) | 8.8 (7.3) |
| Engelke et al. (2005) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 5.2 (4.0–8.0) | 5.5 (4.2–9.2) | 6.6 (5.8–9.7) | 6.6 (4.7–9.9) | 6.4 (4.7–9.8) | 6.8 (4.8–10.4) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.7 (3.8) | 4.2 (2.6) | 7.1 (2.9) | 5.8 (3.9) | 8.1 (5.9) | 6.6 (2.7) | |
| Formate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 135.3 (5.8) | 36.9 (2.3) | 183.6 (7.8) | 13.5 (2.3) | 13.4 (1.8) | 12.2 (1.9) | 32.8 (3.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 134.5 (125.9–143.9) | 37.0 (33.4–40.3) | 181.0 (174.4–198.9) | 13.3 (10.9–18.7) | 12.9 (11.4–17.1) | 12.6 (9.9–15.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.3 (3.4) | 4.6 (1.6) | 4.8 (3.3) | 10.4 (5.9) | 7.9 (4.6) | 6.9 (4.5) | |
| Glucose | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 22,764.9 (1,021.3) | 4,134.3 (323.0) | 4,712.0 (484.5) | 4,505.2 (415.1) | 4,505.0 (326.2) | 4,511.9 (319.6) | 4,971.3 (327.8) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 22,686.5 (21,345.6–24,020.9) | 4,039.6 (3,856.2–4,872.4) | 4,653.4 (4,059.2–5,556.5) | 4,357.5 (4,022.1–5,292.6) | 4,434.0 (4,063.4–5,114.2) | 4,525.9 (4,087.4–5,090.4) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.2 (3.7) | 3.2 (1.8) | 4.9 (3.0) | 3.6 (2.0) | 6.9 (6.7) | 3.3 (3.2) | |
| Glutamate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 41.0 (11.7) | 23.6 (6.8) | 38.5 (14.7) | 34.1 (13.1) | 30.2 (9.5) | 44.3 (7.7) | 97.4 (13.2) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 41.2 (23.9–57.5) | 21.1 (16.7–34.4) | 36.6 (25.4–70.3) | 32.1 (21.8–63.4) | 34.0 (16.9–40.6) | 45.4 (33.5–54.7) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 10.1 (5.6) | 8.0 (2.6) | 10.2 (5.6) | 12.0 (10.2) | 9.9 (8.9) | 10.5 (5.1) | |
| Glutamine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 415.7 (53.6) | 436.0 (50.4) | 482.4 (54.4) | 436.9 (53.6) | 492.6 (69.9) | 516.7 (63.7) | 510.4 (118.2) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 435.7 (330.8–474.7) | 445.4 (354.8–506.9) | 486.1 (390.1–571.4) | 445.8 (336.5–502.5) | 504.2 (354.7–570.8) | 528.3 (408.5–598.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.5 (3.1) | 5.5 (2.6) | 5.6 (3.8) | 4.5 (2.9) | 6.2 (5.2) | 4.0 (2.4) | |
| Glycine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 184.7 (48.7) | 193.1 (55.8) | 243.3 (62.3) | 201.4 (56.4) | 225.3 (67.4) | 251.7 (64.1) | 325.4 (126.8) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 176.0 (137.6–291.6) | 180.7 (136.3–317.2) | 225.8 (189.6–387.8) | 185.3 (148.5–329.1) | 206.6 (174.8–375.5) | 237.1 (192.8–396.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.4 (2.8) | 2.2 (1.6) | 4.6 (3.1) | 2.2 (1.2) | 6.2 (5.8) | 3.3 (2.1) | |
| Histidine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.1 (5.8) | 56.8 (5.5) | 64.6 (8.8) | 49.3 (9.2) | 58.7 (9.5) | 63.7 (9.6) | 131.2 (37.2) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 54.2 (43.6–56.5) | 57.2 (50.0–66.0) | 62.7 (55.4–79.4) | 47.2 (39.6–64.2) | 61.0 (42.8–73.9) | 62.5 (50.4–76.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 8.7 (3.6) | 7.0 (4.5) | 10.2 (3.2) | 12.9 (8.5) | 10.4 (5.4) | 6.5 (3.6) | |
| Isoleucine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.1 (9.9) | 54.8 (10.0) | 60.5 (13.2) | 60.4 (13.4) | 60.1 (13.7) | 63.7 (12.4) | 60.7 (18.6) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 48.4 (41.0–66.5) | 53.5 (44.9–71.4) | 55.7 (47.8–82.1) | 58.5 (47.4–81.5) | 58.5 (43.9–80.4) | 60.5 (51.9–85.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.4 (3.6) | 2.3 (1.8) | 5.1 (3.1) | 3.0 (2.2) | 6.7 (6.3) | 3.7 (2.5) | |
| Lactate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 885.1 (322.7) | 1,041.8 (419.5) | 1,635.2 (583.1) | 1,194.4 (549.3) | 1,547.7 (610.3) | 2,170.8 (520.0) | 1,489.4 (371.2) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 830.8 (401.5–1,399.4) | 972.2 (623.3–1972.7) | 1,338.4 (997.2–2,505.5) | 997.9 (440.9–2092.1) | 1,293.5 (1,042.6–2,734.9) | 2038.7 (1,528.1–3,219.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.4 (3.8) | 5.0 (3.4) | 5.9 (3.0) | 3.1 (1.6) | 7.5 (5.5) | 3.1 (3.2) | |
| Leucine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 78.2 (15.6) | 79.5 (14.8) | 91.1 (20.4) | 90.6 (22.1) | 94.5 (22.4) | 99.9 (20.3) | 98.7 (11.5) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 73.2 (64.4–106.7) | 78.5 (62.5–105.7) | 86.1 (73.4–124.7) | 86.7 (68.6–127.6) | 94.5 (69.4–134.3) | 95.6 (80.3–132.8) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.7 (3.9) | 3.2 (1.6) | 5.2 (3.3) | 3.8 (2.7) | 6.7 (6.0) | 4.3 (2.0) | |
| Lysine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 107.9 (23.2) | 113.1 (24.1) | 132.1 (30.8) | 115.4 (25.7) | 127.5 (30.2) | 137.2 (28.5) | 178.6 (58.2) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 108.8 (74.7–140.0) | 109.2 (76.7–145.8) | 133.1 (82.0–169.4) | 115.1 (75.9–145.3) | 127.2 (79.4–159.5) | 137.9 (91.6–172.8) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.8 (2.8) | 4.9 (2.5) | 6.4 (4.7) | 4.3 (1.8) | 5.6 (5.3) | 4.7 (3.1) | |
| Mannose | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 40.6 (6.2) | 44.5 (7.9) | 47.6 (6.0) | 47.6 (8.9) | 47.7 (7.1) | 45.9 (7.0) | 39.0 (7.0) |
| Lentner (1981-1992) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 39.8 (31.0–51.6) | 47.9 (30.6–52.3) | 48.6 (36.3–55.0) | 49.7 (34.6–60.5) | 49.6 (35.7–56.7) | 47.6 (34.8–54.6) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 8.5 (5.0) | 10.0 (5.3) | 7.6 (3.7) | 6.9 (4.5) | 8.5 (4.2) | 7.9 (4.5) | |
| Methanol | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 68.2 (15.0) | 29.4 (15.8) | 27.9 (17.8) | 28.1 (16.8) | 27.7 (15.1) | 28.0 (18.5) | 77.4 (16.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 65.9 (52.3–99.6) | 28.0 (12.1–60.0) | 26.1 (11.2–65.0) | 26.9 (11.0–59.7) | 27.8 (11.3–55.3) | 26.6 (8.4–63.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.9 (4.9) | 5.9 (5.1) | 9.8 (4.8) | 4.8 (1.8) | 9.3 (5.9) | 4.8 (3.7) | |
| Methionine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 18.0 (2.3) | 20.7 (2.9) | 24.0 (3.7) | 23.9 (3.7) | 24.3 (3.5) | 25.6 (3.4) | 29.8 (6.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 17.6 (16.3–23.5) | 19.6 (18.0–27.2) | 23.8 (18.7–31.1) | 22.5 (20.2–31.8) | 24.1 (20.2–31.9) | 24.7 (22.7–33.5) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 6.1 (4.2) | 9.8 (4.8) | 9.2 (5.3) | 5.0 (3.2) | 6.5 (4.8) | 7.3 (4.8) | |
| Myo inositol | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 18.3 (2.1) | 18.3 (1.8) | 22.9 (2.1) | 18.8 (2.6) | 23.9 (2.0) | 25.6 (3.0) | 23.0 (8.0) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 18.5 (15.2–21.3) | 18.8 (15.6–20.8) | 21.9 (20.8–26.0) | 19.2 (15.0–22.9) | 23.9 (20.6–26.3) | 26.6 (21.0–29.0) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.6 (4.8) | 9.6 (4.9) | 12.0 (2.8) | 14.1 (9.6) | 11.9 (4.9) | 11.2 (5.2) | |
| N,N-Dimethylglycine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.6 (1.8–3.7) |
| Mcgregor et al. (2001) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 1.7 (1.3–2.8) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 2.1 (1.3–3.5) | 2.0 (1.4–3.1) | 2.1 (1.6–3.6) | 2.2 (1.6–3.6) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.8 (4.4) | 10.3 (4.4) | 9.6 (7.3) | 7.9 (4.8) | 7.2 (3.8) | 8.1 (4.4) | |
| O-Acetylcarnitine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.8 (1.3) | 6.1 (1.5) | 7.9 (2.1) | 7.3 (1.3) | 7.9 (1.3) | 8.1 (1.5) | 5.48 (2.15) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 5.8 (4.2–8.1) | 5.8 (4.3–8.2) | 7.4 (6.0–11.3) | 7.0 (5.8–9.5) | 7.9 (5.3–9.6) | 8.0 (6.4–10.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 6.2 (3.6) | 10.7 (6.1) | 10.2 (5.6) | 10.6 (5.6) | 9.5 (4.8) | 13.1 (5.9) | |
| Ornithine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 35.1 (8.2) | 38.6 (9.2) | 50.2 (12.5) | 47.2 (11.4) | 49.3 (14.3) | 63.0 (15.3) | 66.9 (15.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 32.3 (22.5–48.3) | 38.8 (23.9–52.6) | 50.4 (30.5–71.9) | 45.7 (30.9–64.5) | 50.1 (27.0–73.1) | 61.9 (39.1–93.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 6.9 (3.7) | 4.3 (2.6) | 7.4 (3.6) | 9.4 (5.9) | 6.5 (5.5) | 3.9 (2.4) | |
| Phenylalanine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 41.2 (6.1) | 43.1 (5.7) | 46.5 (7.1) | 45.4 (7.7) | 45.6 (7.7) | 53.3 (6.8) | 78.1 (20.5) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 39.0 (36.6–54.4) | 40.8 (38.4–54.8) | 43.6 (41.2–61.9) | 43.8 (37.7–61.4) | 44.6 (37.4–63.5) | 51.0 (48.1–68.6) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.9 (3.1) | 2.6 (1.2) | 5.5 (3.1) | 3.2 (2.2) | 6.8 (7.3) | 4.0 (1.3) | |
| Proline | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 127.8 (32.9) | 135.5 (30.1) | 158.1 (42.6) | 146.3 (40.4) | 156.4 (42.6) | 169.4 (44.4) | 198.3 (64.8) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 125.2 (75.4–175.3) | 133.5 (81.4–174.9) | 153.6 (93.1–231.4) | 136.0 (85.7–213.8) | 146.7 (88.6–221.7) | 164.9 (97.4–235.4) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.7 (3.3) | 5.0 (4.3) | 7.8 (3.7) | 7.4 (4.4) | 6.6 (5.5) | 4.2 (2.4) | |
| Pyruvate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 89.6 (19.7) | 80.7 (22.6) | 110.4 (28.5) | 6.0 (1.6) | 76.8 (30.6) | 72.2 (28.3) | 64.0 (22–258) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 93.2 (60.0–118.9) | 75.0 (57.4–125.5) | 109.5 (79.9–166.0) | 5.4 (4.6–9.7) | 73.2 (39.0–141.7) | 69.0 (43.7–123.0) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.9 (3.7) | 4.7 (3.1) | 5.5 (3.6) | 5.9 (1.5) | 7.0 (5.1) | 3.1 (2.2) | |
| Serine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 96.9 (19.7) | 95.8 (20.4) | 113.5 (24.2) | 101.0 (23.6) | 112.6 (27.1) | 133.1 (27.2) | 159.8 (26.6) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 95.8 (70.5–123.7) | 90.6 (69.7–129.0) | 105.8 (86.8–153.8) | 94.7 (67.8–133.0) | 101.2 (81.7–157.4) | 126.0 (94.3–174.1) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.2 (2.7) | 5.4 (3.1) | 6.7 (4.3) | 5.4 (1.7) | 5.8 (4.6) | 3.3 (2.2) | |
| Succinate | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 9.0 (1.4) | 6.4 (2.5) | 6.0 (2.1) | 5.1 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.2) | 6.4 (2.7) | 16.0 (0.0–32.0) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 8.6 (7.5–12.2) | 5.8 (3.8–10.8) | 5.4 (3.7–10.0) | 4.6 (3.3–9.3) | 4.9 (3.3–10.0) | 5.4 (4.0–11.5) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.4 (4.2) | 9.0 (5.5) | 10.2 (5.0) | 7.2 (6.4) | 9.8 (5.4) | 8.1 (4.4) | |
| Taurine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 133.3 (18.6) | 55.4 (11.6) | 59.0 (11.0) | 65.9 (13.3) | 67.2 (9.3) | 146.5 (10.0) | 141.0 (57.0) |
| Lentner (1981-1992) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 132.2 (108.2–170.5) | 56.7 (37.9–71.8) | 61.7 (40.7–70.0) | 65.0 (43.6–83.2) | 68.9 (51.5–77.2) | 145.5 (134.6–167.5) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.8 (2.6) | 12.1 (7.5) | 12.7 (4.9) | 9.0 (7.5) | 8.1 (6.0) | 6.3 (4.6) | |
| Threonine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 93.6 (18.1) | 97.9 (17.2) | 114.2 (23.1) | 104.9 (20.5) | 111.4 (24.7) | 118.3 (23.5) | 127.7 (41.0) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 100.1 (56.7–114.4) | 96.4 (63.2–118.3) | 115.6 (69.5–142.0) | 107.9 (59.9–127.6) | 116.5 (63.2–139.7) | 123.7 (68.6–144.7) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 8.2 (5.2) | 6.6 (5.0) | 7.6 (2.9) | 5.8 (2.6) | 7.0 (4.1) | 5.6 (3.9) | |
| Tryptophan | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.9 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.3) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.6 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.0) | 54.5 (9.7) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 6.0 (4.6–7.7) | 3.9 (1.9–6.2) | 4.9 (3.0–5.7) | 4.1 (2.8–5.5) | 4.6 (2.9–6.2) | 5.4 (3.9–7.3) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 8.0 (5.1) | 10.2 (9.1) | 6.1 (4.0) | 12.4 (17.1) | 11.8 (5.3) | 10.8 (5.2) | |
| Tyrosine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.8 (7.9) | 54.1 (7.7) | 60.1 (10.2) | 58.3 (9.7) | 59.2 (11.1) | 63.5 (9.4) | 54.5 (9.7) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 50.8 (39.8–67.2) | 54.1 (42.3–68.3) | 58.4 (45.4–79.2) | 57.1 (45.0–77.3) | 58.6 (41.5–79.7) | 61.4 (49.6–81.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 4.1 (4.7) | 2.2 (1.8) | 6.1 (2.2) | 3.6 (1.7) | 5.6 (6.0) | 2.9 (1.5) | |
| Urea | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1,663.5 (507.7) | 1929.5 (466.1) | 2,510.7 (688.1) | 2,613.6 (788.1) | 2,715.3 (790.9) | 3,038.1 (722.4) | 6,074.6 (2,154.2) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 1,487.2 (1,097.2–2,572.7) | 1715.9 (1,429.3–2,700.2) | 2,225.3 (1809.4–3,458.5) | 2,422.8 (1778.4–3,861.3) | 2,525.5 (1904.4–3,731.2) | 2,772.3 (2,317.5–3,971.9) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 5.9 (3.0) | 6.5 (4.4) | 7.0 (4.0) | 13.2 (6.8) | 6.9 (3.3) | 12.5 (13.1) | |
| Valine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 185.3 (27.6) | 198.1 (30.1) | 223.9 (39.0) | 220.1 (39.3) | 221.3 (42.6) | 236.7 (36.6) | 212.3 (61.3) |
| Psychogios et al. (2011) | |||||||
| Median (range) | 180.0 (146.7–231.4) | 194.8 (157.7–249.4) | 213.4 (171.2–290.4) | 213.3 (170.8–283.5) | 217.7 (158.5–285.0) | 229.0 (190.1–299.2) | |
| %CV (SD) a | 3.1 (3.5) | 2.2 (1.8) | 5.1 (3.0) | 2.7 (2.2) | 6.6 (6.8) | 3.6 (2.1) | |
a
Percent coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated as the mean (SD (%)) of the %CV for 48 samples (six tube types across eight subjects) that were individually prepared and analyzed in triplicate (three separate technical replicates) by 1H NMR (for a total of 144 samples).
b
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) reference values presented as mean (SD) where available or mean (range).