TABLE 1.

Relation between DM and obesity and risk of COVID-19-related failures.

Main purpose	Study type	Date†	Population/Location	Parameters	Key findings	References
Potential association between obesity and severe outcomes of COVID-19	Retrospective cohort	April 2020	Patients hospitalized with COVID-19/United States	Obesity, other chronic disease	Severe obesity (BMI1 ≥ 35 kg/m2) associated with ICU2 admission and IVM3	Kalligeros et al., 2020
Obesity significantly associated with respiratory failure and death	Retrospective cohort	February to April 2020	COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital/Italy	Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), demographic data, comorbidities, clinical and radiological examinations	Older obese patients more likely at risk for respiratory failure and death of COVID-19	Rottoli et al., 2020
Relation between obesity and SARS-CoV-2	Retrospective cohort	February to April 2020	patients admitted to intensive care for SARS-CoV-2/French	Moderate obesity (30 to <35 kg/m2)/severe obesity (≥35 kg/m2), epidemiological data, past medical history, treatments and clinical data	The proportion of patients who required IMV increased with male sex and BMI categories, greatest in patients with BMI > 35 kg/m2	Simonnet et al., 2020
Obesity as a risk factors of Severe illness in Patients with COVID-19	Retrospective	January, and February 2020	patients with COVID-19/Jiangsu, China	Obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2), clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes of patients	Obesity as an independent risk factor of respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome	Wang J. et al., 2020
Higher BMI as a risk factor for progression to severe COVID-19	Cohort	January and February 2020	Hospitalized patients with COVID-19/Shenzhen, China	Obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2), epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics	Obese patients had increased odds of progressing to severe COVID-19.	Cai et al., 2020
Relationship between overweight/obesity and COVID-19	Meta-Analysis	January to June 2020	COVID-19 patients/global	BMI, epidemiological and clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes	Patients with obesity were more at risk for COVID-19 positive, hospitalization, ICU admission, mortality	Popkin et al., 2020
Effect of obesity on outcomes in the COVID-19 hospitalizations	Meta-analysis	December 2019 to August 2020	COVID-19 hospitalized patients/global	BMI, treatment outcomes	COVID-19 patients with pre-existing obesity had higher risk of having worse outcomes.	Malik et al., 2020
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Type 2 diabetes patients infected with COVID-19	Retrospective	January to March 2020	COVID-19 patients hospitalized with(out) diabetes ≥45 years/Hubei, China	Clinical, radiographic and laboratory features, complications, treatments, and clinical outcomes	Frequency/degree of abnormalities in CT4 chest scans markedly increased in COVID-19 patients with diabetes	Chen Y. et al., 2020
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes	Retrospective	January to March 2020	COVID-19 patients with(out) diabetes/Wuhan, China	Demographic data, underlying comorbidities, laboratory parameters on admission, CT scans	Diabetic patients with age ≥70 years and with hypertension had a higher hazard ratio for in-hospital death	Shi et al., 2020
Diabetes as a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19	Retrospective	February 2020	SARS-Cov-2 patients hospitalized with(out) diabetes/Wuhan, China	Demographic data, medical history, laboratory findings, CT scans	Diabetes as a risk factor for a rapid progression in organ damage/deterioration and inflammatory storm	Guo et al., 2020
Independent effects of diabetes status, by type, on in-hospital death	Retrospective	March to May 2020	COVID-19 patients with(out) diabetes/England	Demographic and clinical data	Type 1 and type 2 diabetes associated with increased odds of in-hospital death with COVID-19	Barron et al., 2020
Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized	Retrospective cohort	March to April 2020	Patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19/United States	Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics	Patients with uncontrolled hyperglycemia had higher median length of stay at hospital and particularly higher mortality rate.	Bode et al., 2020
Impact of DM on COVID-19 patients	Meta-analysis	January to April 2020	Confirmed COVID-19 patients/global	Treatment outcomes	Higher mortality and ICU admission risk in COVID-19 patients with diabetes compared to non-diabetics	Hussain et al., 2020
Association of diabetes with the clinical severity and in-hospital mortality from COVID-19	Meta-analysis	January to May 2020	COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital/global	Treatment outcomes	Pre-existing diabetes as a two to three times greater risk of severe/critical illness and in-hospital mortality	Mantovani et al., 2020

^†Date: Data collection time.

¹Body mass index; ²Intensive care unit; ³Invasive mechanical ventilation; ⁴Computed tomography.