Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Depression Treated With and Without Electroconvulsive Therapy Before and After Matching.
| Variable | Group, No. (%) | SMD | Matched group, No. (%) | SMD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECT (n = 6412) | Non-ECT (n = 22 145) | ECT (n = 5525) | Non-ECT (n = 5525) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 2727 (42.5) | 9974 (45.0) | −0.05 | 2321 (42.0) | 2321 (42.0) | 0.00 |
| Female | 3685 (57.7) | 12 171 (55.0) | 3204 (58.0) | 3204 (58.0) | ||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 18-24 | 352 (5.5) | 3845 (17.4) | −0.56 | 316 (5.7) | 316 (5.7) | 0.00 |
| 25-34 | 711 (11.1) | 4171 (18.8) | 670 (12.1) | 670 (12.1) | ||
| 35-44 | 785 (12.2) | 3374 (15.2) | 739 (13.4) | 739 (13.4) | ||
| 45-54 | 1025 (16.0) | 3765 (17.0) | 986 (17.8) | 986 (17.8) | ||
| 55-64 | 1096 (17.1) | 2783 (12.6) | 943 (17.1) | 943 (17.1) | ||
| 65-74 | 1278 (19.9) | 2156 (9.7) | 1011 (18.3) | 1011 (18.3) | ||
| ≥75 | 1165 (18.2) | 2051 (9.3) | 860 (15.6) | 860 (15.6) | ||
| Severity of depression | ||||||
| Moderate | 1239 (19.3) | 11 159 (50.4) | −0.65 | 1174 (21.2) | 1174 (21.2) | 0.00 |
| Severe without psychosis | 3440 (53.6) | 8045 (36.3) | 3037 (55.0) | 3037 (55.0) | ||
| Severe with psychosis | 1733 (27.0) | 2941 (13.3) | 1314 (23.8) | 1314 (23.8) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married or cohabiting | 2564 (40.0) | 5761 (26.0) | −0.30 | 2069 (37.4) | 2125 (38.5) | 0.02 |
| Divorced | 1153 (18.0) | 3931 (17.8) | −0.01 | 1035 (18.7) | 994 (18.0) | −0.02 |
| Widowed | 571 (8.9) | 1206 (5.4) | −0.14 | 474 (8.6) | 471 (8.5) | −0.00 |
| Unmarried or unknown | 2124 (33.1) | 11 247 (50.8) | 0.36 | 1947 (35.2) | 1935 (35.0) | −0.00 |
| Household | ||||||
| Not living alone | 3498 (54.6) | 11 210 (50.6) | 0.08 | 2929 (53.3) | 2964 (53.6) | −0.01 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Low (≤9 y) or unknown | 1619 (25.2) | 6303 (28.5) | −0.11 | 1381 (25.0) | 1342 (24.3) | 0.01 |
| Middle (10-12 y) | 2855 (44.5) | 10 181 (46.0) | 2479 (44.9) | 2530 (45.8) | ||
| High (>12 y) | 1938 (30.2) | 5661 (25.6) | 1665 (30.1) | 1653 (29.9) | ||
| Parental education level | ||||||
| Low (≤9 y) | 1383 (21.6) | 3743 (16.9) | −0.12 | 1154 (20.9) | 1144 (20.7) | −0.00 |
| Middle (10-12 y) | 1577 (24.6) | 7072 (31.9) | 0.16 | 1424 (25.8) | 1446 (26.2) | 0.01 |
| High (>12 y) | 1015 (15.8) | 4958 (22.4) | 0.17 | 950 (17.2) | 951 (17.2) | 0.00 |
| Unknown | 2437 (38.0) | 6372 (28.8) | −0.20 | 1997 (36.1) | 1984 (35.9) | −0.00 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 3374 (52.6) | 13 214 (59.7) | 0.14 | 3012 (54.5) | 3034 (54.9) | 0.01 |
| Psychiatric comorbidity | ||||||
| Anxiety disorder | 1961 (30.6) | 5976 (27.0) | −0.08 | 1659 (30.0) | 1587 (28.7) | −0.02 |
| Personality disorder | 376 (5.9) | 1184 (5.3) | −0.02 | 321 (5.8) | 323 (5.8) | 0.00 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 479 (7.5) | 2531 (11.4) | 0.13 | 442 (8.0) | 441 (8.0) | 0.00 |
| Substance use disorder | 492 (7.7) | 2128 (9.6) | 0.07 | 426 (7.7) | 410 (7.4) | −0.01 |
| Somatic comorbidity | ||||||
| Drugs used for diabetes | 509 (7.9) | 1502 (6.8) | −0.04 | 429 (7.8) | 424 (7.7) | −0.03 |
| Drugs for obstructive airway diseases | 1387 (21.6) | 5347 (24.1) | 0.06 | 1248 (22.6) | 1187 (21.5) | −0.00 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 344 (5.4) | 1069 (4.8) | −0.02 | 592 (5.4) | 296 (5.4) | 0.00 |
| Heart failure | 121 (1.9) | 556 (2.5) | 0.04 | 101 (1.8) | 116 (2.1) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 198 (3.1) | 783 (3.5) | 0.02 | 174 (3.1) | 178 (3.2) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 396 (6.2) | 950 (4.3) | −0.09 | 312 (5.6) | 307 (5.6) | 0.00 |
| Spinal disease | 388 (6.1) | 1401 (6.3) | 0.01 | 345 (6.2) | 321 (5.8) | −0.01 |
| Suicide attempt—poisoning | ||||||
| Within 1 y | 417 (6.5) | 1767 (8.0) | 0.06 | 368 (6.7) | 361 (6.5) | −0.00 |
| More than 1 y ago | 464 (7.2) | 1755 (7.9) | 0.03 | 422 (7.6) | 390 (7.1) | −0.02 |
| No | 5531 (86.3) | 18 623 (84.1) | −0.06 | 4735 (85.7) | 4774 (86.4) | 0.01 |
| Suicide attempt—other method | ||||||
| Within 1 y | 95 (1.5) | 323 (1.5) | −0.02 | 74 (1.3) | 78 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| More than 1 y ago | 144 (2.2) | 412 (1.9) | −0.03 | 110 (2.0) | 95 (1.7) | −0.02 |
| No | 6173 (96.3) | 21 410 (96.7) | 0.02 | 5341 (96.7) | 5352 (96.9) | 0.01 |
| Pharmacotherapy | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 5842 (91.1) | 18 216 (82.3) | −0.31 | 5012 (90.7) | 5051 (91.4) | 0.02 |
| Lithium | 492 (7.7) | 838 (3.8) | −0.17 | 366 (6.6) | 345 (6.2) | −0.01 |
| Compulsory psychiatric treatment | ||||||
| Yes | 1126 (17.6) | 3029 (13.7) | −0.11 | 950 (17.0) | 915 (16.6) | −0.01 |
| Family history of first degree | ||||||
| Mental disorder | 692 (10.8) | 2518 (11.4) | 0.02 | 596 (10.8) | 603 (10.9) | 0.00 |
| Suicide | 238 (3.7) | 733 (3.3) | −0.02 | 204 (3.7) | 194 (3.5) | −0.01 |
Abbreviations: ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; SMD, standardized mean difference.