Table 1. Characteristics of Black and White Patients Undergoing TKR.
| Characteristic | Patient populationa | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 722 492) | White (n = 661 400) | Black (n = 61 092) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 67.3 (10.3) | 67.7 (10.2) | 63.3 (10.5) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 445 616 (61.68) | 400 336 (60.53) | 45 280 (74.12) |
| Male | 276 876 (38.32) | 261 064 (39.47) | 15 812 (25.88) |
| US state | |||
| New York | 195 282 (27.03) | 173 393 (26.22) | 21 889 (35.83) |
| California | 280 190 (38.78) | 260 666 (39.41) | 19 524 (31.96) |
| Florida | 247 020 (34.19) | 227 341 (34.37) | 19 679 (32.21) |
| Insurance | |||
| Medicare | 432 681 (59.89) | 402 751 (60.89) | 29 930 (48.99) |
| Medicaid | 16 381 (2.27) | 11 180 (1.69) | 5201 (8.51) |
| Private | 236 370 (32.72) | 215 564 (32.59) | 20 806 (34.06) |
| Workers’ compensation | 22 653 (3.14) | 19 416 (2.94) | 3237 (5.30) |
| Other | 14 407 (1.99) | 12 489 (1.89) | 1918 (3.14) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 134 337 (18.59) | 117 096 (17.70) | 17 241 (28.22) |
| Obesity | 136 183 (18.85) | 118 775 (17.96) | 17 408 (28.49) |
| Kidney disease | 28 122 (3.89) | 24 378 (3.69) | 3744 (6.13) |
| COPD | 92 292 (12.77) | 86 917 (13.14) | 5375 (8.80) |
| TKR indication | |||
| Osteoarthritis | 702 537 (97.24) | 643 568 (97.30) | 58 969 (96.52) |
| Osteonecrosis | 4719 (0.65) | 4396 (0.66) | 323 (0.53) |
| Dislocation | 1178 (0.16) | 1077 (0.16) | 101 (0.17) |
| Inflammatory arthritisb | 23 365 (3.23) | 20 620 (3.12) | 2745 (4.49) |
| Index TKR admission | |||
| Surgical complicationc | 5258 (0.73) | 4601 (0.70) | 657 (1.08) |
| Any infection | 112 211 (15.53) | 104 835 (15.85) | 7376 (12.07) |
| US Census community variables, mean (SD), % | |||
| No college | 44 (15) | 43 (15) | 53 (15) |
| Below poverty level | 11 (7) | 10 (6) | 19 (11) |
| Hospital annual TKR volume | |||
| ≤89 | 59 643 (8.26) | 51 480 (7.78) | 8163 (13.36) |
| 90-235 | 189 688 (26.25) | 172 752 (26.12) | 16 936 (27.72) |
| 236-644 | 329 078 (45.55) | 302 580 (45.75) | 26 498 (43.37) |
| ≥645 | 144 083 (19.94) | 134 588 (20.35) | 9495 (15.54) |
| Hospital bed capacity | |||
| 6-199 | 205 464 (28.44) | 193 561 (29.27) | 11 903 (19.48) |
| 200-399 | 290 267 (40.18) | 267 353 (40.42) | 22 914 (37.51) |
| ≥400 | 226 761 (31.39) | 200 486 (30.31) | 26 275 (43.01) |
| Hospital type | |||
| Government, nonfederal | 70 267 (9.73) | 63 836 (9.65) | 6431 (10.53) |
| Nongovernment (not-for-profit) | 533 384 (73.83) | 487 522 (73.71) | 45 862 (75.07) |
| Investor-owned (for-profit) | 118 841 (16.45) | 110 042 (16.64) | 8799 (14.40) |
| Teaching | 279 270 (38.65) | 244 347 (36.94) | 34 923 (57.16) |
| Rural | 33 358 (4.62) | 32 783 (4.96) | 575 (0.94) |
| Indication for revision | |||
| Aseptic (mechanical) | 17 563 (2.43) | 15 346 (2.32) | 2217 (3.63) |
| Septic (infection) | 8830 (1.22) | 7863 (1.19) | 967 (1.58) |
| Fracture | 823 (0.11) | 753 (0.11) | 70 (0.11) |
| Other | 346 (0.05) | 297 (0.04) | 49 (0.08) |
| Censored | 6664 (0.92) | 5826 (0.88) | 838 (1.37) |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TKR, total knee replacement.
a
Unless indicated otherwise, data are expressed as No. (%) of patients.
b
Includes rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthropathy.
c
Includes hemorrhage, wound disruption, and retained foreign body.