Table 1.
Characteristics of the included prospective cohort studies.
| References | Country | Participant characteristics | Sample size | Mean age | Male | Patients with hearing loss | Hearing loss diagnosis | Follow-up period | Outcome validation | Outcomes reported | Variables adjusted | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| years | % | years | ||||||||||
| Gates et al. (1996) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 816 | 72 | 45.3 | 191 | SSI-ICM | 8 | Clinical evaluation | All-cause dementia (41) | Age and sex | 7 |
| Gates et al. (2002) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 740 | 72 | NR | 177 | SSI-ICM | 9.7 | NINCDS-ADRDA for AD | AD (40) | Age, sex, APOE4 allele, education, and PTA-WE | 8 |
| Gates et al. (2011) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 313 | 79.6 | 37.2 | 58 | SSI-ICM | 4 | NINCDS-ADRDA for AD | AD (21) | Age and educational level | 7 |
| Lin et al. (2011) | USA | Community derived population | 639 | 63.1 | 56.3 | 184 | Audiometry test | 11.9 | DSM-III-R for dementia, and NINCDS-ADRDA for AD | All-cause dementia (58), AD (37) | Age, sex, race, education, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension | 9 |
| Gallacher et al. (2012) | UK | Community derived male population | 1,057 | 56.1 | 100 | 457 | Audiometry test based on pure-tone unaided audiometric threshold | 12.5 | DSM-IV for dementia, and NINCDS-ADRDA for AD | All-cause dementia (79), AD (41) | Age, social class, anxiety, and premorbid intelligence | 9 |
| Gurgel et al. (2014) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 4,463 | 75.8 | 56.1 | 836 | Audiometry test as part of 3MS-R | 12 | DSM-III-R for dementia | All-cause dementia (575) | Age, sex, presence of ApoE4 allele, education, and cardiovascular risk factor | 9 |
| Golub et al. (2017) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 1,881 | 75.8 | 30 | 204 | Self-reported | 7.4 | DSM-III-R for dementia, and NINCDS-ADRDA for AD | All-cause dementia (377), AD (256) | Age, sex, ethnicity, race, years of education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, smoking, APOE4 genotype, and stroke | 9 |
| Deal et al. (2017) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 1,889 | 75.5 | 47 | 1,103 | Audiometry test | 9 | Dementia defined using a prespecified algorithm incorporating medication use, hospital records, and neurocognitive test scores | All-cause dementia (229) | Age, sex, race, education, study site, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke | 9 |
| Amieva et al. (2018) | France | Community derived elderly population | 3,588 | 75.3 | 42.2 | 1,289 | Self-reported | 25 | Interview and neuropsychological evaluation, judged by a neurologist or geriatrician | All-cause dementia (576) | Age, sex, education, and comorbidities | 8 |
| Ford et al. (2018) | Australia | Community derived elderly male population | 37,898 | 72.5 | 100 | 1,420 | ICD codes | 11.1 | ICD codes | All-cause dementia (6,948) | Age, history of cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diseases of the digestive system, kidneys, and cancer | 7 |
| Vassilaki et al. (2019) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 4,812 | 73.7 | 51.5 | 981 | Self-reported | 5.4 | Physician and neuropsychologist determined diagnosis | All-cause dementia (273) | Age, sex, and education | 8 |
| Osler et al. (2019) | Denmark | Community derived male population | 658,465 | NR | 100 | 59,834 | Audiometry test at interview | 44.4 | ICD codes | All-cause dementia (9,114) | Age, education, depression, diabetes, hypertension and cerebrovascular disease | 8 |
| Brenowitz et al. (2019) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 1,810 | 77.1 | 51.2 | 1,344 | Audiometry test at interview | 10 | Dementia defined using a prespecified algorithm incorporating medication use, hospital records, and neurocognitive test scores | All-cause dementia (336) | Age, race, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity | 8 |
| Brewster et al. (2021) | USA | Community derived elderly population | 8,529 | 73.9 | 36.6 | 2,051 | Audiometry test at interview | 5.6 | Dementia defined using a pre-specified algorithm incorporating medication use, hospital records, and neurocognitive test scores | All-cause dementia (498) | Age, sex, ethnicity, education, and APOE status | 9 |
NOS, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale; SSI-ICM, synthetic sentence identification-ipsilateral competing message; NINCDS-ADRDA, national institute of neurological and communicative disorders and stroke and the Alzheimer's disease and related disorders association; PTA-WE, speech frequency pure tone average of worse ear; DSM-III-R, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edition revised for diagnosis of dementia; 3MS-R, modified mini-mental state exam-revised; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ICD, international classification of diseases; APOE, apolipoprotein E gene.