Table 2.
List of the more frequent pesticides used by the exposed group and their hazard classification.
| P | CC | Compound | IUPAC Name | WHO | USEPA/IARC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Organophosphate | Diazinon | O,O-diethyl O-[4-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl] phosphorothioate | II | NLC/Group 2A |
| Dimethoate | O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] dithiophosphate | II | Group C/NE | ||
| Gusathion (Azinphos-ethyl) | O,O-diethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl] phosphorodithioate | Ib | NE | ||
| Lorsban (Chlorpyrifos) | O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate | II | Group E/NE | ||
| Malathion | Diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate | III | SEC/Group 2A | ||
| Orthene (Acephate) | N-(methoxy-methylsulfanylphosphoryl)acetamide | II | Group C/NE | ||
| Parathion (Folidol) | O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate | Ia | Group C/Group 2B | ||
| Tamaron (Methamidophos) | O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate | Ib | NLC/NE | ||
| Carbamate | Furadan (Carbofuran) | 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate | Ib | NLC/NE | |
| Lannate (Methomyl) | (E,Z)-methyl N-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}ethanimidothioate | Ib | Group E/NE | ||
| Vydate (Oxamyl) | Methyl 2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-2-oxoethanimidothioate | Ib | Group E/NE | ||
| Organochlorine | Aldrin | 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene | O | Group B2/Group 3 | |
| Dicofol (Kelthane) | 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol | II | Group C/Group 3 | ||
| Endosulfan | 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro- 6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide | II | NLC/NE | ||
| Piretroides | Baytroid (Cyfluthrin) | β-cyfluthrin Cyano{4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-3-{2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate |
1b | NLC/NE | |
| Karate (Lambda-cyhalothrin) |
(R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1S)-cis-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and (S)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | II | Group D/NE | ||
| Talstar (Bifenthrin) | 2-Methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate | II | Group C/NE | ||
| H | Organophosphate | Paraquat | 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride | II | Group C/NE |
| F | Carbamate | Manzate (Mancozeb) | Zinc;manganese(2+);N-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate | U | Group B/Group 2B |
I—insecticides, H—herbicides, F—fungicides, P—pesticides, CC—chemical class, IUPAC—International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, NE—not evaluated, WHO—classification: Ia—extremely hazardous; Ib—highly hazardous; II—moderately hazardous; III—slightly hazardous; U—unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use; FM—fumigant, not classified; O—obsolete as pesticide, not classified [28]. USEPA Cancer Classification: NLC—not likely to be carcinogenic to humans; SEC—suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity; Group B2—probable human carcinogen; Group C—possible human carcinogen; Group D—not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity; Group E—evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans [29]. IARC: Group 1—carcinogenic to humans; Group 2A—probably carcinogenic to humans; Group 2B—possibly carcinogenic to humans; Group 3—not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans [30].