Table 1.
Characteristics of study respondents according to gender.
| Variables | Female, n (%) | Male, n (%) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| # ADL disability | |||
| No Yes |
1666 (78.8) 430 (21.2) |
1616 (87.3) 253 (12.7) |
<0.001 * |
| Hearing impairment | |||
| No Yes |
1986 (93.4) 109 (6.6) |
1744 (93.7) 126 (6.3) |
0.845 |
| Vision impairment | |||
| No Yes |
1981 (95.4) 118 (4.6) |
1773 (95.6 96 (4.4) |
0.814 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay Chinese Indian Bumiputera Sabah Bumiputera Sarawak Others |
1163 (55.2) 341 (24.9) 63 (6.2) 142 (3.8) 78 (3.4) 53 (1.6) |
1428 (60.6) 369 (28.2) 63 (6.8) 136 (3.6) 80 (4.1) 61 (2.1) |
0.003 * 0.185 0.391 0.010 * 0.091 |
| Marital status | |||
| Unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed Married |
1082 (49.8) 1021 (50.2) |
269 (13.6) 1602 (86.4) |
<0.001 * |
| Education level | |||
| No formal education Primary Secondary Tertiary |
636 (22.8) 968 (44.0) 418 (27.9) 83 (5.3) |
170 (5.9) 971 (43.2) 549 (36.7) 182 (14.2) |
<0.001 * <0.001 * <0.001 * |
| Employment status | |||
| No Yes |
1865 (89.3) 240 (10.7) |
1062 (61.5) 810 (38.5) |
<0.001 * |
| Individual monthly income | |||
| <RM1000 RM1000-1999 ≥RM2000 |
1605 (72.4) 307 (16.3) 169 (11.3) |
914 (43.4) 538 (26.8) 398 (19.7) |
<0.001 * <0.001 * |
| Presence of chronic diseases | |||
| Diabetes Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia |
572 (28.8) 1166 (55.1) 906 (45.7) |
446 (26.5) 861 (46.9) 670 (37.8) |
0.114 <0.001 * <0.001 * |
| Falls | |||
| No Yes |
1792 (85.3) 307 (14.7) |
1617 (86.6) 253 (13.4) |
0.253 |
| Living status | |||
| Living alone Not living alone |
151 (6.5) 1954 (93.5) |
144 (7.5) 1728 (92.5) |
0.351 |
| Social support | |||
| Low to fair High Very high |
714 (43.0) 786 (35.9) 598 (30.1) |
547 (27.4) 660 (36.1) 654 (36.5) |
0.048 * 0.001 * |
Column percentage. * p < 0.05. # “Yes” means score <20 points and “No” means score maximum 20 points using the Barthel Index.