Table 3.
Chi-Square test of association between the demographic and clinical antecedents and likely PTSD *.
| Variables | PTSD Likely | χ2 Square Value | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % ** | |||
| Gender | * | 0.37 | ||
| Male | 31 | 41.9 | ||
| Female | 339 | 47.0 | ||
| Other | 6 | 66.7 | ||
| Age (Years) | 28.02 | <0.001 | ||
| ≤25 | 33 | 70.2 | ||
| 26–40 | 121 | 56.5 | ||
| 41–60 | 173 | 41.7 | ||
| >60 | 45 | 36.6 | ||
| Ethnicity | 7.31 | 0.06 | ||
| Caucasian | 314 | 46.2 | ||
| Indigenous | 17 | 73.9 | ||
| Asian | 20 | 47.6 | ||
| Other | 26 | 42.6 | ||
| Education | 8.5 | 0.04 | ||
| Less than High School Diploma | 6 | 54.5 | ||
| High School Diploma | 28 | 68.3 | ||
| Post-Secondary Education | 338 | 45.9 | ||
| Other Education | 2 | 33.3 | ||
| Employment status | 24.07 | <0.001 | ||
| Employed | 259 | 45.8 | ||
| Unemployed | 62 | 62.6 | ||
| Retired | 28 | 31.1 | ||
| Students | 19 | 67.9 | ||
| Other | 6 | 46.2 | ||
| Relationship status | 15.41 | 0.004 | ||
| Married/Cohabiting/Partnered | 222 | 42.6 | ||
| Separated/Divorced | 41 | 51.9 | ||
| Widowed | 7 | 38.9 | ||
| Single | 99 | 59.3 | ||
| Other | 4 | 50.0 | ||
| Housing status | 40.41 | <0.001 | ||
| Own home | 233 | 40.2 | ||
| Living with family | 40 | 70.2 | ||
| Renting | 97 | 7.2 | ||
| Lost job due to the COVID-19 pandemic | 11.06 | 0.004 | ||
| No | 233 | 42.8 | ||
| Yes | 55 | 53.4 | ||
| Did not have a job before the pandemic | 93 | 56.0 | ||
| Self-isolated/self-quarantined | 3.71 | 0.05 | ||
| No | 265 | 44.7 | ||
| Yes | 116 | 52.3 | ||
| Had a family member or friend contract coronavirus | 1.65 | 0.20 | ||
| No | 356 | 47.4 | ||
| Yes | 25 | 39.1 | ||
| Was afraid to contract the coronavirus | 23.57 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 36 | 27.5 | ||
| Yes | 346 | 50.0 | ||
| Have listened to COVID-19 pandemic news updates | 1.48 | 0.83 | ||
| Not at all | 9 | 47.4 | ||
| Less than once a week | 17 | 53.1 | ||
| About once weekly | 33 | 52.4 | ||
| Every other day | 75 | 46.0 | ||
| Daily | 248 | 46.0 | ||
| Watched images of COVID-19-related deaths/sicknesses | 2.86 | 0.58 | ||
| Not at all | 66 | 47.8 | ||
| Less than once a week | 69 | 48.3 | ||
| About once weekly | 51 | 42.1 | ||
| Every other day | 57 | 42.9 | ||
| Daily | 139 | 49.5 | ||
| History of depressive disorder before the pandemic | 103.41 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 189 | 34.4 | ||
| Yes | 193 | 72.3 | ||
| History of anxiety disorder before the pandemic | 96.72 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 187 | 34.6 | ||
| Yes | 195 | 70.9 | ||
| History of bipolar disorder before the pandemic | 7.44 | 0.01 | ||
| No | 363 | 45.9 | ||
| Yes | 19 | 73.1 | ||
| History of schizophrenia before the pandemic | * | 0.60 | ||
| No | 380 | 46.7 | ||
| Yes | 2 | 66.7 | ||
| No history of mental health diagnosis before the pandemic | 117.39 | <0.001 | ||
| No (positive history) | 253 | 67.3 | ||
| Yes (negative history) | 129 | 29.3 | ||
| On antidepressants before the pandemic | 60.96 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 220 | 38.1 | ||
| Yes | 162 | 68.1 | ||
| On sleeping tablets before the pandemic | 9.0 | 0.003 | ||
| No | 334 | 45.1 | ||
| Yes | 48 | 63.2 | ||
| On mood stabilizers before the pandemic | 23.94 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 340 | 44.6 | ||
| Yes | 42 | 79.2 | ||
| On benzodiazepines before the pandemic | 15.32 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 362 | 45.6 | ||
| Yes | 20 | 87.0 | ||
| On antipsychotics before the pandemic | 9.07 | 0.003 | ||
| No | 366 | 46.0 | ||
| Yes | 16 | 80.0 | ||
| On no psychotropic medication before the pandemic | 66.46 | <0.001 | ||
| No (on psychotropic medication) | 199 | 65.2 | ||
| Yes (not on psychotropic medication) | 183 | 35.8 | ||
| Received sufficient support from family and friends | 108.58 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes, absolute support | 123 | 29.9 | ||
| Yes, some support | 144 | 56.9 | ||
| Yes, but only limited support | 87 | 74.4 | ||
| Not at all | 28 | 80.0 | ||
| Received sufficient support from employer | 39.01 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes, absolute support | 106 | 34.1 | ||
| Yes, some support | 80 | 54.1 | ||
| Yes, but only limited support | 50 | 62.5 | ||
| Not at all | 36 | 64.3 | ||
| Not currently employed | 108 | 50.0 | ||
| Received sufficient support from the Government of Canada | 28.28 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes, absolute support | 76 | 33.2 | ||
| Yes, some support | 98 | 50 | ||
| Yes, but only limited support | 59 | 48 | ||
| Not at all | 144 | 56.9 | ||
| Received counselling during the pandemic | 65.55 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 216 | 37.6 | ||
| Yes | 166 | 68.6 | ||
* Fisher’s exact test; ** percentage of each category in each variable who had likely PTSD.