Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the current study (mean and standard deviation (SD) or n (%)). p-value ≤ 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
| Characteristics of Pregnant Women |
All Women
(n = 277) |
Use of Paracetamol at Any Time during Pregnancy | ||
| Yes (n = 171) | No (n = 106) | p-Value a | ||
| Age (years) | 32.8 (4.5) | 32.7 (4.3) | 33.0 (4.6) | 0.6 |
| Current marital status: Married Single Divorced |
271 (97.8%) 5 (1.8%) 1 (0.4%) |
168 (98.2%) 2 (1.2%) 1 (0.6%) |
103 (97.2%) 3 (2.8%) 0 (0%) |
0.4 |
| Educational level: Basic education Incomplete secondary education Secondary education University education |
16 (5.8%) 35 (12.6%) 73 (26.4%) 153 (55.2%) |
8 (4.7%) 25 (14.6%) 49 (28.7%) 89 (52.0%) |
8 (7.5%) 210 (9.4%) 24 (22.6%) 64 (60.4%) |
0.3 |
| Social class: I–II managers/technicians/graduated III skilled IV–V semi-skilled/unskilled Unemployed |
104 (37.5%) 80 (28.9%) 43 (15.5%) 50 (18.1%) |
65 (38.0%) 44 (25.7%) 29 (17.0%) 33 (19.3%) |
39 (36.8%) 36 (34.0%) 14 (13.2%) 17 (16.0%) |
0.5 |
| Maternal height before pregnancy (cm) | 164.4 (5.9) | 164.4 (5.8) | 164.5 (6.2) | 0.9 |
| Maternal weight before pregnancy (kg) | 64.8 (12.9) | 65.5 (14.1) | 63.3 (11.1) | 0.2 |
| Maternal BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 23.9 (4.3) | 24.2 (4.7) | 23.4 (3.6) | 0.1 |
| Maternal BMI before pregnancy: Normal weight Overweight Obese |
208 (72.2%) 57 (19.8%) 23 (8.0%) |
120 (70.6%) 32 (18.8%) 18 (10.6%) |
81 (76.4%) 21 (19.8%) 4 (3.8%) |
0.1 |
| Maternal weight at 32nd week (kg) | 77.5 (12.6) | 77.9 (13.8) | 76.4 (10.5) | 0.4 |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | 12.3 (5.4) | 12.4 (5.6) | 12.3 (5.0) | 0.9 |
| Previous gestations (n) | 1.0 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.02 |
| Previous miscarriages (n) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.6 |
| Previous deliveries (n) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.003 |
| Previous pre-term deliveries (<37 weeks) (n) | 0.05 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.02 (0.1) | 0.04 |
| Risk of miscarriage in the current pregnancy: No Yes |
264 (95.3%) 13 (4.7%) |
164 (95.9%) 7 (4.1%) |
100 (94.3%) 6 (5.7%) |
0.5 |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: No Yes |
251 (90.6%) 26 (9.4%) |
155 (90.6%) 16 (9.4%) |
96 (90.6%) 10 (9.4%) |
0.9 |
| Gestational Hypertension: No Yes |
269 (97.1%) 8 (2.9%) |
165 (96.5%) 6 (3.5%) |
104 (98.1%) 2 (1.9%) |
0.4 |
| Pre-eclampsia: No Yes |
255 (99.2%) 2 (0.8%) |
157 (61.6%) 1 (0.6%) |
98 (99.0%) 1 (1.0%) |
0.7 |
| Maternal alcohol intake: No Yes |
257 (92.8%) 20 (7.2%) |
158 (92.4%) 13 (7.6%) |
99 (93.4%) 7 (6.6%) |
0.7 |
| Smoking status: No Yes |
239 (86.3%) 38 (13.7%) |
148 (86.5%) 23 (13.5%) |
91 (85.8%) 15 (14.2%) |
0.9 |
| Characteristics of Newborns |
Male Newborns
(n = 277) |
Use of Paracetamol at Any Time during Pregnancy | ||
| Yes (n = 171) | No (n = 106) | p-value a | ||
| Gestational age at delivery(weeks) | 39.6 (1.4) | 39.6 (1.4) | 39.5 (1.4) | 0.5 |
| Newborn height (cm) | 51.0 (2.2) | 51.1 (2.1) | 50.8 (2.3) | 0.4 |
| Newborn weight (gr) | 3288.4 (477.0) | 3295.8 (470.6) | 3268.3 (458.8) | 0.6 |
a Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test or chi-squared test.