Table 1.
Description of the characteristics of the included papers.
| Samples with Pathologies | Focus | Study Design | Sample, Pathology, Size, Age, % Males |
PA Assessment Tool Survey Type |
Amount of PA (Mean ± SD) |
Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assaloni et al. [12] | PA level in diabetes | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 154 T1D 44.8 ± 12.5 y, 54.5% males |
Godin Leisure Time Exercise Q. online survey |
Before L: 66 ± 42 min During L: 38 ± 31 min |
PA decreased with worst glycaemia |
| Barchetta et al. [13] | Glycemic control in diabetes | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 50 T1D, 40.7 ± 13.5 y, 62% males |
Q not validated Online survey |
NR | Reduction of blood glucose control and weekly PA |
| Capaldo et al. [14] | Glucose control in diabetes | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 207 T1D 38.4 ± 12.7 y, 53.6% males |
Q not validated Online survey |
NR | Increased glycemic control, more regular meals, reduced PA |
| Caruso et al. [15] | Glucose control in diabetes | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 48 T1D 42.4 ± 15.9 y, 52.1% males |
Q not validated Phone interview |
NR | Increased glycemic control, reduced PA |
| Predieri et al. [16] | Glycemic control in diabetes | Observational, longitudinal | N = 62 T1D 11.1 ± 4.4 y, 50% males |
Q not validated telemedicine |
Before L: 3.27 ± 2.82 h/w During L: 0.24 ± 0.59 h/w |
Decreased PA, improved glycemic control |
| Tornese et al. [17] | Glycemic control in diabetes | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 13 T1D median age = 14.2 y, 61.5% males |
Q not validated telemedicine |
During L: 3.3 h/w | Regular PA at home improved glycemic control |
| Di Stefano et al. [18] | Levels of PA in neuromuscular diseases (NMD) | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 268, 149 NMD patients (57.3 ± 13.7 y, 62.4% males), 119 controls (56 ± 6.8 y, 62.2% males) |
IPAQ-SF Phone interview |
NMD Before L: 901.3 ± 1299.6 During L: 400.6 ± 1088.5 Controls Before L: 4506.5 ± 7600.1 During L: 2362.3 ± 4498.9 |
Significantly decrease of PA in both groups |
| Pellegrini et al. [19] | Changes in weight and diet in obesity | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 150 obese, aged 47.9 ± 16.0, 22% males | Q not validated |
Significant weight increase, reduction in PA | |
| Sassone et al. [20] | Changes in PA in patients with implantable Cardioverter-defibrillators | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 24 cardiac patients, 72 ± 10 y, 70.8% males |
Accelerometric sensors- collected data | Before L: 1.6 ± 0.5 h/day During L: 1.2 ± 0.3 h/day |
Significant reduction in PA |
| Schirinzi et al. [21] | Changes in PA in Parkinson disease | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 74 Parkinson disease 61.3 ± 9.3 y, 50% males |
IPAQ-SF Online survey |
During L: 1994.7 ± 1971 MET-min/w | 60% of patients worsened, performing less PA |
| Sample without pathologies | Focus | Study design |
Sample
size, age, % males |
PA assessment tool
Survey type |
Amount of PA
(mean ± SD) |
Main findings |
| Barrea et al. [22] | Sleep quality, Body mass index | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 121 44.9 ± 13.3 y, 35.5% males |
Q not validated phone interview |
NR | Significant increase in mean body weight and BMI, significant decrease in PA |
| Buoite Stella et al. [23] | Smart technologies for PA | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 400 35 ± 15 y, 31% males |
Online survey IPAQ-SF; daily step count measured by smart devices |
Before L: 3101 ± 3815 METs During L: 1839 ± 2254 METs |
Significant reduction of performed steps and PA |
| Cancello et al. [24] | Lifestyle changes during lockdown | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 490 adults 16% males |
Q not validated online survey |
NR | Reduction of PA in active individuals, inception of PA in sedentary individuals |
| Di Corrado et al. [25] | Psychological status, PA | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 679 33.4 ± 12.8 y, 51% males |
Q not validated Online survey |
NR | Maintained or increased PA significantly |
| Di Renzo et al. [26] | Eating habits and lifestyle changes | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 3533 aged 12–86 23.9% males |
Q not validated Online survey |
NR | No significant difference in PA among inactive subjects, increase in PA in subjects who used to train more than 5 times a week |
| Ferrante et al. [27] | Impact of social isolation on lifestyle | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 7847 48.6 ± 13.9 y, 28.7% males |
Q not validated Online survey |
NR | Significant decrease in PA |
| Gallè et al. [28] | Sedentary behaviors and PA | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 1430 undergraduate students, 22.9 ± 4.5 y, 34.5% males | IPAQ-SF Online survey |
Before L: 520 ± 820 min/w During L: 270 ± 340 min/w |
Significantly increased sedentary lifestyle, decreased PA |
| Gallè et al. [29] | Health-related behaviors PA | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 2125 undergraduate students, 22.5 ± 0.08 y, 37.2% males | Questionnaire online survey |
NR | Significant reduction in PA |
| Giustino et al. [30] | Level of PA | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 802, 32.27 ± 12.81 y, 49% males |
IPAQ-SF online survey |
Before L: 3006 MET-min/w During L: 1483.8 MET-min/w |
Significant reduction of PA, especially in males and in overweight |
| Luciano et al. [31] | Behaviors during lockdown (PA, sedentariness, sleep) | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 1471 medicine students 23 ± 2 y, 30% males |
IPAQ-SF online survey |
Before L: 1588 MET-min/w During L: 960 MET-min/w |
Decreased PA, and increased sitting and sleep time |
| Maugeri et al. [32] | PA on psychological | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 2524 43.6% males |
IPAQ Online survey |
Before L: 2429 MET-min/w During L: 1577 MET-min/w |
PA level decreased with negative impact on psychological health |
| Raiola et al. [33] | Changes in PA | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 268 Mean age = 26 y |
Q not validated Online survey |
NR | No change in PA |
| Tornaghi et al. [34] | PA levels | Observational, cross-sectional | N = 1568 students Aged 15–18 |
IPAQ Online survey |
Before L: 1676.37 ± 20.6 MET-min/w After L: 1774.50 ± 33.93 MET-min/w |
Inactive or moderately active students unchanged their PA level; highly active ones increased PA level |
T1D: Type 1 diabetes; PA: physical activity; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form; NR: not reported; L: lockdown.