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. 2021 Jun 16;18(12):6492. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126492

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Total excretion of biomarkers, calculated as the area under the excretion curves (AUCs). Box-and-whisker plots display the medians and upper and lower quartiles. Outliers are plotted as individual points. AUCs were calculated for 4-MHA (A), BMA (B), PMA (C), 3-HPMA (D), 8-oxodG (E), and 4-HNE-MA (F), after the following exposure scenarios: filtered air (FA), particle control (Salt_PM), HVO exhaust from a modern non-road vehicle with aftertreatment system (HVO_NOx) and without exhaust aftertreatment (HVO_PM+NOx). Statistical analyses of spot urine samples were performed using Mann–Whitney U test (no significant difference from FA was observed, p < 0.05). All data are presented in Table S5.