Table 3.
Scores for individual items of the Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire, the hope Herth index, and the hand–eye coordination test.
| Variables | T0 | Ranking of Grades | T1 | Ranking of Grades | T2 | Ranking of Grades |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Aging attitudes | ||||||
| Control group | 3.75 (0.27) | 2 | 3.70 (0.28) | 2 | 3.48 (0.34) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 3.81 (0.24) | 1 | 4.74 (0.27) | 1 | 4.31 (0.25) | 1 |
| Aging attitudes—Psychosocial loss (These items have been scored in reverse) | ||||||
| Control group | 2.75 (0.61) | 1 | 2.72 (0.76) | 2 | 2.49 (0.55) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 2.35 (0.54) | 2 | 4.56 (0.54) | 1 | 3.52 (0.71) | 1 |
| 1. Old age is a time of loneliness. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.65 (0.75) | 20 | 2.69 (0.89) | 22 | 2.42 (0.63) | 22 |
| Experimental group | 2.24 (0.71) | 20 | 4.47 (0.73) | 22 | 3.04 (0.98) | 24 |
| 2. Old age is a depressing time of life. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.60 (0.76) | 22 | 2.84 (0.97) | 17 | 2.53 (0.80) | 19 |
| Experimental group | 2.24 (0.68) | 20 | 4.58 (0.58) | 18 | 3.09 (1.02) | 22 |
| 3. I find it more difficult to talk about my feelings as I get older. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.58 (0.73) | 24 | 2.70 (0.89) | 21 | 2.42 (0.59) | 22 |
| Experimental group | 2.16 (0.60) | 23 | 4.62 (0.53) | 17 | 3.08 (1.01) | 23 |
| 4. I see old age mainly as a time of loss. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.63 (0.79) | 21 | 2.81 (0.85) | 20 | 2.56 (0.59) | 18 |
| Experimental group | 2.16 (0.60) | 23 | 4.56 (0.62) | 20 | 3.51 (0.66) | 21 |
| 5. I am losing my physical independence as I get older. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.60 (0.79) | 22 | 2.65 (0.95) | 23 | 2.47 (0.80) | 21 |
| Experimental group | 2.18 (0.58) | 22 | 4.53 (0.66) | 21 | 3.58 (0.72) | 20 |
| 6. As I get older, I find it more difficult to make new friends. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.86(0.86) | 19 | 2.72 (0.96) | 19 | 2.49 (0.86) | 20 |
| Experimental group | 2.56(0.76) | 18 | 4.38 (0.89) | 23 | 3.78 (0.90) | 19 |
| 7. I don’t feel involved in society now that I am older. | ||||||
| Control group | 2.98 (0.83) | 18 | 2.53 (1.03) | 24 | 2.42 (0.79) | 22 |
| Experimental group | 2.53 (0.63) | 19 | 4.69 (0.51) | 15 | 4.00 (0.88) | 18 |
| 8. I feel excluded from things because of my age. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.07 (0.88) | 17 | 2.79 (0.89) | 18 | 2.60 (0.69) | 17 |
| Experimental group | 2.71 (0.69) | 17 | 4.67 (0.52) | 16 | 4.09 (0.82) | 17 |
| Aging attitudes—Physical change | ||||||
| Control group | 4.08 (0.54) | 2 | 4.10 (0.52) | 2 | 3.90 (0.56) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 4.33 (0.44) | 1 | 4.75 (0.34) | 1 | 4.71 (0.30) | 1 |
| 9. It is important to take exercise at any age. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.60 (0.76) | 2 | 4.60 (0.79) | 3 | 4.28 (0.73) | 4 |
| Experimental group | 4.73 (0.54) | 7 | 4.36 (1.03) | 24 | 4.73 (0.65) | 5 |
| 10. Growing older has been easier than I thought. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.88 (0.54) | 15 | 3.93 (0.86) | 15 | 3.86 (0.86) | 8 |
| Experimental group | 4.00 (0.37) | 15 | 4.58 (0.62) | 18 | 4.82 (0.39) | 4 |
| 11. I don’t feel old. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.93 (0.80) | 13 | 3.98 (0.86) | 13 | 3.79 (0.86) | 11 |
| Experimental group | 3.91 (1.00) | 16 | 4.78 (0.42) | 13 | 4.87 (0.34) | 2 |
| 12. My identity is not defined by my age. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.09 (0.65) | 11 | 4.05 (0.62) | 9 | 3.98 (0.60) | 6 |
| Experimental group | 4.42 (0.50) | 11 | 4.82 (0.39) | 12 | 4.56 (0.50) | 15 |
| 3. I have more energy now than I expected for my age. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.02 (0.67) | 12 | 4.05 (0.58) | 9 | 3.91 (0.53) | 7 |
| Experimental group | 4.38 (0.53) | 13 | 4.84 (0.37) | 11 | 4.71 (0.46) | 6 |
| 14. Problems with my physical health do not hold me back from doing what I want to. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.83 (0.84) | 16 | 4.07 (0.63) | 8 | 3.83 (0.57) | 10 |
| Experimental group | 4.02 (0.89) | 14 | 4.87 (0.34) | 9 | 4.69 (0.47) | 7 |
| 15. My health is better than I expected for my age. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.93 (0.88) | 13 | 4.00 (0.69) | 12 | 3.72 (0.59) | 14 |
| Experimental group | 4.40 (0.50) | 12 | 4.87 (0.34) | 9 | 4.64 (0.48) | 11 |
| 16. I keep myself as fit and active as possible by exercising. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.30 (0.74) | 8 | 4.16 (0.75) | 6 | 3.79 (0.74) | 11 |
| Experimental group | 4.80 (0.40) | 3 | 4.89 (0.32) | 5 | 4.64 (0.48) | 11 |
| Aging attitudes—Psychological growth | ||||||
| Control group | 4.42 (0.58) | 2 | 4.27 (0.48) | 2 | 4.06 (0.57) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 4.76 (0.36) | 1 | 4.90 (0.16) | 1 | 4.70 (0.29) | 1 |
| 17. As people get older, they are better able to cope with life. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.41 (0.66) | 5 | 4.30 (0.56) | 5 | 3.86 (0.60) | 8 |
| Experimental group | 4.80 (0.40) | 3 | 4.71 (0.46) | 14 | 4.53 (0.50) | 16 |
| 18. It is a privilege to grow old. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.26 (0.76) | 9 | 3.88 (0.70) | 16 | 3.60 (0.58) | 16 |
| Experimental group | 4.76 (0.43) | 6 | 4.96 (0.21) | 2 | 4.60 (0.50) | 13 |
| 19. Wisdom comes with age. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.14 (0.97) | 10 | 4.02 (0.80) | 11 | 3.65 (0.69) | 15 |
| Experimental group | 4.69 (0.60) | 8 | 4.89 (0.49) | 5 | 4.67 (0.48) | 9 |
| 20. There are many pleasant things about growing older. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.33 (0.68) | 6 | 3.98 (0.74) | 13 | 3.77 (0.75) | 13 |
| Experimental group | 4.60 (0.58) | 10 | 4.96 (0.21) | 2 | 4.60 (0.50) | 13 |
| 21. I am more accepting of myself as I have grown older. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.33 (0.71) | 6 | 4.09 (0.75) | 7 | 4.07 (0.86) | 5 |
| Experimental group | 4.62 (0.58) | 9 | 4.96 (0.21) | 2 | 4.69 (0.47) | 7 |
| 22. It is very important to pass on the benefits of my experiences to younger people. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.58 (0.59) | 3 | 4.63 (0.54) | 2 | 4.47 (0.63) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 4.93 (0.25) | 1 | 4.89 (0.38) | 5 | 4.87 (0.34) | 2 |
| 23. I believe my life has made a difference. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.56 (0.55) | 4 | 4.46 (0.55) | 4 | 4.33 (0.78) | 3 |
| Experimental group | 4.78 (0.42) | 5 | 4.89 (0.38) | 5 | 4.67 (0.48) | 9 |
| 24. I want to give a good example to younger people. | ||||||
| Control group | 4.74 (0.44) | 1 | 4.81 (0.45) | 1 | 4.70 (0.51) | 1 |
| Experimental group | 4.93 (0.25) | 1 | 4.98 (0.15) | 1 | 4.98 (0.15) | 1 |
| Sense of hope | ||||||
| Control group | 3.26 (0.54) | 2 | 3.16 (0.48) | 2 | 2.97 (0.41) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 3.28 (0.49) | 1 | 3.81 (0.26) | 1 | 3.39 (0.40) | 1 |
| Sense of hope—inner sense of temporality and future | ||||||
| Control group | 3.15 (0.63) | 1 | 2.97 (0.48) | 2 | 2.83 (0.55) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 3.08 (0.55) | 2 | 3.72 (0.35) | 1 | 3.32 (0.46) | 1 |
| 1. I have a positive outlook toward life. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.28 (0.88) | 7 | 3.07 (0.70) | 9 | 2.88 (0.66) | 6 |
| Experimental group | 3.24 (0.83) | 12 | 3.89 (0.38) | 6 | 3.62 (0.53) | 3 |
| 2. I have short- and/or long-range goals. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.19 (0.85) | 9 | 3.05 (0.69) | 10 | 2.86 (0.68) | 7 |
| Experimental group | 3.25 (0.83) | 11 | 3.89 (0.38) | 6 | 3.60 (0.58) | 5 |
| 6. I feel scared about my future. (The item has been scored in reverse) | ||||||
| Control group | 2.86 (0.86) | 11 | 2.53 (0.88) | 11 | 2.72 (0.93) | 11 |
| Experimental group | 2.36 (0.88) | 8 | 3.22 (0.82) | 11 | 2.56 (0.76) | 11 |
| 11. I believe that each day has potential. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.28 (0.80) | 7 | 3.21 (0.83) | 8 | 2.83 (0.53) | 9 |
| Experimental group | 3.47 (0.76) | 5 | 3.89 (0.32) | 6 | 3.51 (0.55) | 7 |
| Sense of hope—inner positive readiness and expectancy | ||||||
| Control group | 3.32 (0.63) | 2 | 3.37 (0.65) | 2 | 3.01 (0.41) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 3.44 (0.61) | 1 | 3.93 (0.25) | 1 | 3.53 (0.43) | 1 |
| 4. I can see possibilities in the midst of difficulties. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.37 (0.90) | 5 | 3.33 (0.80) | 5 | 3.02 (0.77) | 5 |
| Experimental group | 3.44 (0.69) | 6 | 3.93 (0.25) | 4 | 3.62 (0.53) | 3 |
| 7. I can recall happy/joyful times. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.44 (0.73) | 3 | 3.49 (0.59) | 1 | 3.40 (0.49) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 3.62 (0.53) | 3 | 4.00 (0.00) | 1 | 3.78 (0.47) | 2 |
| 10. I have a sense of direction. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.07 (0.63) | 10 | 3.35 (0.72) | 4 | 2.86 (0.52) | 7 |
| Experimental group | 3.29 (0.76) | 10 | 3.89 (0.38) | 6 | 3.27 (0.54) | 10 |
| 12. I feel my life has value and worth. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.40 (0.79) | 4 | 3.30 (0.80) | 6 | 2.77 (0.57) | 10 |
| Experimental group | 3.42 (0.78) | 7 | 3.89 (0.38) | 6 | 3.47 (0.59) | 9 |
| Sense of hope—inter-connectedness with self and others | ||||||
| Control group | 3.31 (0.50) | 2 | 3.13 (0.44) | 2 | 3.08 (0.47) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 3.32 (0.43) | 1 | 3.77 (0.26) | 1 | 3.33 (0.37) | 1 |
| 3. I feel all alone. (The item has been scored in reverse) | ||||||
| Control group | 2.79 (0.86) | 12 | 2.37 (0.72) | 12 | 2.49 (0.77) | 12 |
| Experimental group | 2.33 (0.90) | 9 | 3.20 (0.79) | 12 | 2.33 (0.48) | 12 |
| 5. I have a faith that gives me comfort. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.48 (0.80) | 2 | 3.23 (0.90) | 7 | 3.19 (0.73) | 3 |
| Experimental group | 3.71 (0.59) | 2 | 3.96 (0.21) | 3 | 3.60 (0.54) | 5 |
| 8. I have deep inner strength. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.37 (0.72) | 5 | 3.44 (0.67) | 3 | 3.14 (0.60) | 4 |
| Experimental group | 3.51 (0.66) | 4 | 3.93 (0.25) | 4 | 3.51 (0.59) | 7 |
| 9. I am able to give and receive caring and love. | ||||||
| Control group | 3.60 (0.58) | 1 | 3.49 (0.63) | 1 | 3.51 (0.63) | 1 |
| Experimental group | 3.73 (0.54) | 1 | 3.98 (0.15) | 2 | 3.87 (0.40) | 1 |
| Hand–eye coordination | ||||||
| Control group | 36.45 (15.61) | 2 | 37.15 (15.47) | 2 | 41.72 (14.97) | 2 |
| Experimental group | 33.56 (15.51) | 1 | 25.38 (12.38) | 1 | 30.79 (11.50) | 1 |