Table 2.

Methods to address self-selection and reverse causality in neighborhood environment and brain health studies.

	Potential to Address:
Method	Neighborhood Self-Selection	Reverse Causality
Randomized control trial	++++	++++
Multivariable regression: covariate adjustment for self-selection	+
Multivariable regression: propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting	++
Longitudinal study design	++	++
Restriction/stratification of sample	+	+
Quasi-experiment: natural experiment, instrumental variable analysis	+++	+++

Abbreviations: Qualitative scoring: no + = no potential; + low potential; ++ moderate potential; +++ moderate to high potential; ++++ High potential.