Table 2.
Simple comparison of participant characteristics and categorical variables.
| Overall | Women | Men | Robust | Sarcopenia | Robust | Oral Hypofunction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 878) | (n = 610) | (n = 268) | (n = 715) | (n = 163) | (n = 435) | (n = 443) | |||||
| Category Variables | N, (%) | N, (%) | N, (%) | p-Value | N, (%) | N, (%) | p-Value | N, (%) | N, (%) | p-Value | |
| Variables of oral hypofunction | |||||||||||
| Poor oral hygiene | 254, (28.9) | 154, (25.2) | 100, (37.3) | <0.001 | 217, (30.3) | 37, (22.7) | 0.052 | 87, (20.0) | 167, (37.7) | <0.001 | |
| Oral dryness | 414, (47.2) | 307, (50.3) | 107, (39.9) | 0.004 | 327, (45.7) | 87, (53.4) | 0.078 | 130, (29.9) | 284, (64.1) | <0.001 | |
| Reduced occlusal force | 352, (40.1) | 291, (47.7) | 61, (22.8) | <0.001 | 256, (35.8) | 96, (58.9) | <0.001 | 72, (16.6) | 280, (63.2) | <0.001 | |
| Decreased tongue–lip motor function | 485, (55.2) | 343, (56.2) | 142, (53.0) | 0.373 | 363, (50.8) | 122, (74.8) | <0.001 | 147, (33.8) | 338, (76.3) | <0.001 | |
| Oral diadochokinesis/pa/ | <6 times/s | 236, (26.9) | 179, (29.3) | 57, (21.3) | 0.013 | 167, (23.4) | 69, (42.3) | <0.001 | 65, (14.9) | 171, (38.6) | <0.001 |
| Oral diadochokinesis/ta/ | <6 times/s | 250, (28.5) | 186, (30.5) | 64, (23.9) | 0.046 | 180, (25.2) | 70, (42.9) | <0.001 | 68, (15.6) | 182, (41.1) | <0.001 |
| Oral diadochokinesis/ka/ | <6 times/s | 440, (50.1) | 309, (50.7) | 131, (48.9) | 0.628 | 327, (45.7) | 113, (69.3) | <0.001 | 134, (30.8) | 306, (69.1) | <0.001 |
| Decreased tongue pressure | 285, (32.5) | 216, (35.4) | 69, (25.7) | 0.005 | 193, (27.0) | 92, (56.4) | <0.001 | 62, (14.3) | 223, (50.3) | <0.001 | |
| Decreased masticatory function | 191, (21.8) | 164, (26.9) | 27, (10.1) | <0.001 | 123, (17.2) | 68, (41.7) | <0.001 | 16, (3.7) | 175, (39.5) | <0.001 | |
| Deterioration of swallowing function | 256, (29.2) | 174, (28.5) | 82, (30.6) | 0.534 | 197, (27.6) | 59, (36.2) | 0.028 | 65, (14.9) | 191, (43.1) | <0.001 | |
| Oral hypofunction | 443, (50.5) | 335, (54.9) | 108, (40.3) | <0.001 | 324, (45.3) | 119, (73.0) | <0.001 | - | - | ||
| Variables of sarcopenia | |||||||||||
| Low muscle strength | 215, (24.5) | 174, (28.5) | 41, (15.3) | <0.001 | 77, (10.8) | 138, (84.7) | <0.001 | 64, (14.7) | 151, (34.1) | <0.001 | |
| Low physical performance | 114, (13.0) | 97, (15.9) | 17, (6.3) | <0.001 | 52, (7.3) | 62, (38.0) | <0.001 | 24, (5.5) | 90, (20.3) | <0.001 | |
| Low appendicular skeletal muscle mass | 348, (39.6) | 279, (45.7) | 69, (25.7) | <0.001 | 185, (25.9) | 163, (100.0) | <0.001 | 141, (32.4) | 207, (46.7) | <0.001 | |
| Sarcopenia | Robust | 715, (81.4) | 473, (77.5) | 242, (90.3) | <0.001 | 715, (100.0) | 0, (0) | <0.001 | 391, (89.9) | 324, (73.1) | <0.001 |
| Sarcopenia | 126, (14.4) | 106, (17.4) | 20, (7.5) | 0, (0) | 126, (77.3) | 42, (9.7) | 84, (19.0) | ||||
| Severe sarcopenia | 37, (4.2) | 31, (5.1) | 6, (2.2) | 0, (0) | 37, (22.7) | 2, (0.5) | 35, (7.9) | ||||
| Other recorded variables | |||||||||||
| Sex | Women | 610, (69.5) | - | - | 473, (66.2) | 137, (84.0) | <0.001 | 275, (63.2) | 335, (75.6) | <0.001 | |
| Body mass index | <18.5 | 85, (9.7) | 72, (11.8) | 13, (4.9) | 0.001 | 51, (7.1) | 34, (20.9) | <0.001 | 37, (8.5) | 48, (10.8) | 0.243 |
| Daily drinking habits | 139, (15.8) | 47, (7.7) | 92, (34.3) | <0.001 | 122, (17.1) | 17, (10.4) | 0.036 | 81, (18.6) | 58, (13.1) | 0.025 | |
| Smoking habit | Never smoked | 617, (70.3) | 528, (86.6) | 89, (33.2) | <0.001 | 483, (67.6) | 134, (82.2) | 0.001 | 282, (64.8) | 335, (75.6) | 0.002 |
| Used to smoke | 209, (23.8) | 60, (9.8) | 149, (55.6) | 186, (26.0) | 23, (14.1) | 121, (27.8) | 88, (19.9) | ||||
| Smoking | 52, (5.9) | 22, (3.6) | 30, (11.2) | 46, (6.4) | 6, (3.7) | 32, (7.4) | 20, (4.5) | ||||
| Living situation | Living alone | 266, (30.3) | 224, (36.7) | 42, (15.7) | <0.001 | 202, (28.3) | 64, (39.3) | 0.006 | 119, (27.4) | 147, (33.2) | 0.060 |
| Depression | 159, (18.1) | 124, (20.3) | 35, (13.1) | 0.010 | 111, (15.5) | 48, (29.4) | <0.001 | 49, (11.3) | 110, (24.8) | <0.001 | |
| Stroke | 46, (5.2) | 24, (3.9) | 22, (8.2) | 0.009 | 42, (5.9) | 4, (2.5) | 0.077 | 17, (3.9) | 29, (6.5) | 0.079 | |
| Heart disease | 143, (16.3) | 97, (15.9) | 46, (17.2) | 0.641 | 110, (15.4) | 33, (20.2) | 0.129 | 67, (15.4) | 76, (17.2) | 0.482 | |
| Diabetes | 98, (11.2) | 62, (10.2) | 36, (13.4) | 0.157 | 80, (11.2) | 18, (11.0) | 0.957 | 49, (11.3) | 49, (11.1) | 0.924 | |
| Cancer | 128, (14.6) | 91, (14.9) | 37, (13.8) | 0.667 | 102, (14.3) | 26, (16.0) | 0.582 | 67, (15.4) | 61, (13.8) | 0.493 | |
| Serum albumin | <4.0 g/dL | 94, (10.7) | 66, (10.8) | 28, (10.4) | 0.870 | 60, (8.4) | 34, (20.9) | <0.001 | 38, (8.7) | 56, (12.6) | 0.061 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | <6.0% | 644, (73.3) | 446, (73.1) | 198, (73.9) | 0.069 | 524, (73.3) | 120, (73.6) | 0.958 | 319, (73.3) | 325, (73.4) | 0.959 |
| 6.0–6.4% | 137, (15.6) | 104, (17.0) | 33, (12.3) | 111, (15.5) | 26, (16.0) | 69, (15.9) | 68, (15.3) | ||||
| 6.5%≤ | 97, (11.0) | 60, (9.8) | 37, (13.8) | 80, (11.2) | 17, (10.4) | 47, (10.8) | 50, (11.3) |
Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square test.