Table 2.
Associations between chronic stress or sleeping habits and GI symptoms during the past 2 weeks
| No symptoms N = 2189 (82.7%) | Symptoms N = 459 (17.3%) | Crude OR 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted OR 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic stress 1 year | ||||||
| No (reference) | 59.6 | 43.6 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 40.1 | 56.2 | 1.918 (1.565–2.351) | < 0.001 | 1.510 (1.201–1.897) | < 0.001 |
| Missing | 0.4 | 0.2 | ||||
| Chronic stress 5 years | ||||||
| No (reference) | 64.1 | 52.5 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 35.3 | 46.4 | 1.604 (1.308–1.967) | < 0.001 | 1.435 (1.137–1.812) | 0.002 |
| Missing | 0.6 | 1.1 | ||||
| Sleeping quality | ||||||
| Very good (reference) | 27.9 | 23.1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Good | 35.4 | 32.0 | 1.092 (0.832–1.432) | 0.525 | 1.180 (0.874–1.547) | 0.279 |
| Average | 26.4 | 31.4 | 1.439 (1.092–1.895) | 0.010 | 1.349 (1.082–1.941) | 0.059 |
| Bad | 8.9 | 11.3 | 1.545 (1.068–2.235) | 0.021 | 1.231 (1.007–2.243) | 0.361 |
| Very bad | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.256 (1.016–5.008) | 0.046 | 1.983 (1.040–5.389) | 0.170 |
| Missing | 0.4 | 0.2 | ||||
| Sleeping onset difficulty | ||||||
| Never or rarely (reference) | 44.4 | 38.6 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| < 1 per week | 29.7 | 27.0 | 1.048 (0.816–1.345) | 0.715 | 0.895 (0.676–1.185) | 0.439 |
| 1–2 per week | 16.6 | 19.6 | 1.362 (1.028–1.803) | 0.031 | 1.228 (0.893–1.688) | 0.207 |
| 3–6 per week | 5.1 | 6.8 | 1.520 (0.990–2.334) | 0.056 | 1.207 (0.731–1.922) | 0.462 |
| Almost every night | 3.7 | 7.6 | 2.344 (1.529–3.592) | < 0.001 | 1.680 (0.984–2.870) | 0.057 |
| Missing | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||||
| Sleeping hours per day | ||||||
| ≤ 5 (reference) | 6.2 | 7.6 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 6 | 22.8 | 23.5 | 0.849 (0.555–1.299) | 0.450 | 0.815 (0.522–1.273) | 0.369 |
| 7 | 44.5 | 38.1 | 0.703 (0.469–1.053) | 0.087 | 0.683 (0.446–1.047) | 0.080 |
| 8 | 21.0 | 22.4 | 0.878 (0.572–1.348) | 0.553 | 0.826 (0.524–1.300) | 0.408 |
| 9 | 4.3 | 6.5 | 1.249 (0.718–2.174) | 0.431 | 0.942 (0.505–1.757) | 0.850 |
| ≥ 10 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.522 (0.589–3.931) | 0.385 | 0.992 (0.332–2.963) | 0.988 |
| Missing | 0.4 | 0.2 | ||||
| Wake-up frequency | ||||||
| Never or rarely (reference) | 31.2 | 25.1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| < 1 per week | 23.4 | 24.0 | 1.273 (0.957–1.694) | 0.097 | 1.381 (1.027–1.871) | 0.046 |
| 1–2 per week | 18.5 | 19.8 | 1.334 (0.987–1.804) | 0.060 | 1.352 (0.964–1.835) | 0.081 |
| 3–6 per week | 12.3 | 16.1 | 1.628 (1.177–2.251) | 0.003 | 1.679 (1.144–2.279) | 0.006 |
| Almost every night | 14.1 | 14.4 | 1.273 (0.914–1.772) | 0.154 | 1.060 (0.814–1.681) | 0.781 |
| Missing | 0.5 | 0.7 | ||||
GI, Gastrointestinal. OR, Odds Ratio. CI, Confidence Interval. Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, occupation, and smoking. Values are presented as percentages and OR and 95% CI. P-values < 0.05 was considered statistically significant