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. 2021 Jul 22;12:413. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02480-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — Proposed mechanism for how hypoxic preconditioning rejuvenates OM-MSCs against ICH. In the microenvironment of ICH, the basal autophagy in normoxia OM-MSCs is insufficient, which accelerates the cellular senescence of transplanted OM-MSCs. Compared with normoxia OM-MSCs, hypoxic preconditioning upregulates the expression of miR-326 in OM-MSCs. miR-326 could promote autophagy by targeting PTBP1/PI3K signaling pathway. The sufficient autophagy can maintain OM-MSC functional survival. As a result, hypoxic preconditioning delays OM-MSC senescence and augments the therapeutic efficacy of OM-MSCs in ICH.