Table 2.
Characteristics of Participants
| All | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1432 | 478 | 477 | 477 | ||
| Sex (male, %) | 829 (57.9) | 257 (53.8) | 273 (57.2) | 299 (62.7) | 0.019 |
| Age (years) | 61 (52, 68) | 64 (56, 69) | 62 (52, 67) | 56 (49, 65) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 9 (3, 14) | 10 (5, 15) | 9 (3, 15) | 7 (2, 13) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, n(%) | 663 (46.3) | 223 (46.7) | 212 (44.4) | 228 (47.8) | 0.573 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 132 (120, 145) | 133 (120, 46) | 132 (119, 142) | 132 (121, 146) | 0.294 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78 (70, 86) | 75 (67, 84) | 76 (70, 85) | 81 (72, 89) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (22.3, 26.6) | 23.4 (21.6, 25.4) | 24.4 (22.4, 26.7) | 25.2 (23.0, 27.5) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 89 (83, 96) | 86 (80, 92) | 90 (84, 96) | 92 (86, 99) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 144 (117, 184) | 115.2 (100.8, 136.8) | 144.0 (122.4, 171.0) | 183.6 (146.7, 237.6) | <0.001 |
| PBG (mmol/L) | 12.3 (9.5, 16.1) | 10.9 (8.3, 13.8) | 12.1 (9.5, 15.7) | 14.6 (11.4, 18.5) | <0.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 8.5 (7.1, 10.4) | 7.4 (6.6, 9.4) | 8.5 (7.2, 10.3) | 9.6 (8.0, 11.5) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 130.98 (92.04, 204.44) | 82.30 (64.61, 99.34) | 133.64 (109.74, 160.63) | 255.77 (184.08, 389.84) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.25 (3.54, 5.03) | 3.83 (3.21, 4.47) | 4.27 (3.64, 4.97) | 4.70 (3.96, 5.54) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.40) | 1.30 (1.07, 1.59) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.37) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.17) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.48 (1.85, 3.18) | 2.21 (1.71, 2.79) | 2.73 (2.07, 3.40) | 2.56 (1.90, 3.37) | <0.001 |
| TyG Index | 9.17 (8.73, 9.71) | 8.52 (8.27, 8.73) | 9.17 (9.02, 9.34) | 10.00 (9.71, 10.50) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 19 (14, 29) | 18 (13, 26) | 20 (14, 29) | 22 (15, 32) | <0.001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 44 (40, 47) | 44 (40, 47) | 44 (40, 48) | 44 (39, 47) | 0.456 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 162 (11.3) | 36 (7.5) | 68 (14.3) | 58 (12.2) | 0.004 |
| Albuminuria, n (%) | 504 (35.2) | 130 (27.2) | 171 (35.8) | 203 (42.6) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic treatment | |||||
| Diet alone, n (%) | 134 (9.4) | 22 (4.6) | 47 (9.9) | 65 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Biguanides, n (%) | 935 (65.3) | 300 (62.8) | 323 (67.7) | 312 (65.4) | 0.006 |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 293 (20.5) | 111 (23.2) | 109 (22.9) | 73 (15.3) | 0.192 |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 26 (1.8) | 10 (2.1) | 5 (1.0) | 11 (2.3) | 0.18 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors, n (%) | 395 (27.6) | 143 (29.9) | 135 (28.3) | 117 (24.5) | 0.771 |
| Meglitinides, n (%) | 195 (13.6) | 63 (13.2) | 70 (14.7) | 62 (13) | <0.001 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors, n (%) | 28 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 27 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist, n (%) | 44 (3.1) | 4 (0.8) | 6 (1.3) | 34 (7.1) | 0.08 |
| DPP-IV inhibitor, n (%) | 54 (3.8) | 13 (2.7) | 15 (3.1) | 26 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Biguanides, n (%) | 935 (65.3) | 300 (62.8) | 323 (67.7) | 312 (65.4) | 0.006 |
| Hypolipidemic treatment | |||||
| Statins, n (%) | 475 (33.2) | 129 (27) | 147 (30.8) | 199 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| Fibrates, n (%) | 32 (2.2) | 11 (2.3) | 6 (1.3) | 15 (3.1) | 0.06 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 578 (40.4) | 192 (40.2) | 188 (39.4) | 198 (41.5) | 0.8 |
| RX with ACE-I/ARBs, n (%) | 402 (28.1) | 148 (31.0) | 120 (25.2) | 134 (28.1) | 0.136 |
Notes: Quantitative variables are shown as median (interquartile range), and qualitative parameters are presented as numbers with the percentage in parentheses.
Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PBG, postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TG, total triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.