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. 2021 Jul 22;11:142. doi: 10.1186/s13578-021-00650-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — A Electron microscopy (TEM) of the neurovascular unit of rat brain section showing the vascular ECs, embedded pericytes in basal lamina and astrocytes, which are close to neurons. B Confocal microscopy imaging of cerebral vascular tree in rat brain section, Astrocytes (Red) surround endothelial cells (Green). Vascular ECs and astrocytes were stained for von- Willebrand factor (vWF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively

(Adapted with permission [227]. Copyright 2008, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes)