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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 22.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2020 Feb 6;18(2):143–153. doi: 10.1007/s41105-020-00255-z

Table 3.

Prevalence risks of depression severity and individual symptoms in depressed subjects

N = 390 Model 1: unadjusted Model 2: adjusted for covariates
PR SE 95% CI p-value PR SE 95% CI p-value
Adjusted PHQ-9 score
ISI 1.02 0.01 [1.01, 1.03] 0.0013 1.02 0.01 [1.01, 1.03] 0.0038
Short sleep 0.94 0.09 [0.77, 1.12] 0.5225 0.93 0.09 [0.76, 1.1] 0.4512
Long sleep 1.28 0.25 [0.79, 1.77] 0.2002 1.28 0.25 [0.79, 1.78] 0.2062
ISI: short sleep 1.00 0.01 [0.99, 1.02] 0.7119 1.00 0.01 [0.99, 1.02] 0.5588
ISI: long sleep 0.99 0.01 [0.96, 1.02] 0.5808 0.99 0.02 [0.96, 1.02] 0.5895
Anhedonia
ISI 1.00 0.01 [0.98, 1.02] 0.7128 1.00 0.01 [0.99, 1.02] 0.6453
Short sleep 0.62 0.10 [0.42, 0.83] 0.0046 0.64 0.11 [0.43, 0.85] 0.0090
Long sleep 1.03 0.34 [0.36, 1.7] 0.9209 1.06 0.36 [0.36, 1.76] 0.8680
ISI: short sleep 1.03 0.01 [1, 1.05] 0.0169 1.03 0.01 [1, 1.05] 0.0269
ISI: long sleep 1.02 0.03 [0.97, 1.07] 0.4791 1.02 0.03 [0.97, 1.07] 0.5023
Depressed mood PR SE 95% CI p-value PR SE 95% CI p-value
ISI 1.02 0.01 [1, 1.04] 0.0243 1.02 0.01 [1, 1.04] 0.0244
Short sleep 0.84 0.13 [0.57, 1.1] 0.2707 0.83 0.14 [0.56, 1.1] 0.2669
Long sleep 1.50 0.48 [0.56, 2.44] 0.2049 1.60 0.53 [0.57, 2.63] 0.1553
ISI: short sleep 1.00 0.01 [0.98, 1.02] 0.8383 1.00 0.01 [0.98, 1.02] 0.8038
ISI: long sleep 0.98 0.02 [0.93, 1.03] 0.3841 0.97 0.02 [0.92, 1.02] 0.2992
Appetite dysregulation
ISI 1.02 0.01 [1, 1.04] 0.0203 1.02 0.01 [1, 1.04] 0.0400
Short sleep 1.18 0.20 [0.78, 1.58] 0.3388 1.10 0.19 [0.72, 1.48] 0.5811
Long sleep 1.96 0.68 [0.63, 3.3] 0.0529 1.85 0.65 [0.59, 3.12] 0.0773
ISI: short sleep 0.99 0.01 [0.97, 1.02] 0.5825 1.00 0.01 [0.97, 1.02] 0.7921
ISI: long sleep 0.96 0.03 [0.9, 1.01] 0.1111 0.96 0.03 [0.9, 1.01] 0.1121
Fatigue
ISI 1.02 0.01 [1, 1.03] 0.0103 1.02 0.01 [1.01, 1.03] 0.0051
Short sleep 1.01 0.12 [0.78, 1.25] 0.9056 0.99 0.12 [0.75, 1.22] 0.9105
Long sleep 0.99 0.26 [0.49, 1.5] 0.9765 1.00 0.26 [0.49, 1.5] 0.9846
ISI: short sleep 1.00 0.01 [0.98, 1.02] 0.9608 1.00 0.01 [0.99, 1.02] 0.7834
ISI: long sleep 1.01 0.02 [0.97, 1.05] 0.6328 1.01 0.02 [0.97, 1.04] 0.7520
Difficulty concentrating
ISI 1.01 0.01 [0.99, 1.03] 0.3482 1.01 0.01 [0.99, 1.03] 0.3993
Short sleep 0.93 0.18 [0.58, 1.27] 0.6917 0.88 0.17 [0.55, 1.21] 0.5035
Long sleep 1.20 0.50 [0.23, 2.18] 0.6522 1.07 0.44 [0.21, 1.93] 0.8656
ISI: short sleep 1.00 0.01 [0.98, 1.03] 0.7108 1.01 0.01 [0.98, 1.04] 0.4747
ISI: long sleep 0.98 0.03 [0.92, 1.05] 0.6023 0.99 0.03 [0.93, 1.05] 0.7312
Feelings of failure
ISI 1.01 0.01 [0.99, 1.03] 0.2936 1.01 0.01 [0.99, 1.03] 0.3495
Short sleep 1.03 0.16 [0.72, 1.33] 0.8588 1.03 0.16 [0.72, 1.34] 0.8502
Long sleep 1.30 0.40 [0.52, 2.09] 0.3896 1.35 0.42 [0.52, 2.18] 0.3440
ISI: short sleep 1.00 0.01 [0.98, 1.02] 0.7051 1.00 0.01 [0.97, 1.02] 0.6764
ISI: long sleep 0.99 0.02 [0.95, 1.04] 0.7957 0.99 0.02 [0.94, 1.04] 0.6930
Psychomotor disturbance
ISI 1.03 0.02 [1, 1.07] 0.0694 1.02 0.02 [0.99, 1.06] 0.2448
Short sleep 0.96 0.30 [0.36, 1.55] 0.8909 0.92 0.29 [0.35, 1.5] 0.8016
Long sleep 1.49 1.02 [− 0.52, 3.49] 0.5650 1.38 0.95 [− 0.47, 3.23] 0.6377
ISI: short sleep 1.00 0.02 [0.96, 1.05] 0.8663 1.01 0.02 [0.97, 1.05] 0.6121
ISI: long sleep 0.97 0.05 [0.87, 1.07] 0.5359 0.98 0.05 [0.88, 1.08] 0.7396
Suicidal behavior
ISI 1.05 0.02 [1, 1.09] 0.0540 1.04 0.02 [0.99, 1.08] 0.1286
Short sleep 1.22 0.49 [0.25, 2.19] 0.6262 1.36 0.55 [0.28, 2.45] 0.4428
Long sleep 1.08 0.89 [− 0.66, 2.82] 0.9266 1.28 1.08 [− 0.83, 3.4] 0.7656
ISI: short sleep 0.98 0.03 [0.93, 1.04] 0.5538 0.98 0.03 [0.93, 1.03] 0.4527
ISI: long sleep 1.02 0.06 [0.91, 1.14] 0.6807 1.02 0.06 [0.9, 1.15] 0.6866

Adjusted analyses include Age, Race/Ethnicity, Sex, BMI, and Education level as covariates. For Sleep Duration, Recommended Sleep is the reference category