Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, score on (sub)scales and cognitive tasks, and outcome of ANOVAs
| Variable | Measure | Mean (±SD) | Min-Max | ANOVA: Trial Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | years | 70.32 (±4.34) | 65–85 | |
| Education | scale score | 1.17 (±0.40) | 1–3 | |
| MoCA | scale score | 20.18 (±3.20) | 13–26 | |
| GDS | scale score | 2.59 (±0.49) | 2–3 | |
| PSMS-self-report | subscale score | 6.12 (±0.34) | 6–8 | |
| IADL-self-report | subscale score | 12.83 (±2.79) | 8–19 | |
| PSMS-informant-report | subscale score | 6.17 (±0.37) | 6–7 | |
| IADL-informant-report | subscale score | 12.03 (±2.57) | 8–20 | |
| Spatial WM | # correct trials | 25.15 (±12.65) | 5–61 | |
| 2-back | prop. correct | 0.67 (±0.13) | 0.33–0.90 | |
| RM-1750 | prop. correct | 0.69 (±0.18) | 0.24–0.99 | |
| RM-750 | prop. correct | 0.73 (±0.18) | 0.17–1.00 | |
| Flanker-Congruent | RT | 684.47 (±133.43) | 415.70–1040.87 | |
| Flanker-Incongruent | RT | 701.10 (±144.17) | 444.90–1047.71 | F(1, 119) = 12.93, p < .001 |
| Flanker-Interference score | RT | 16.63 (±50.66) | −58.87–430.87 | |
| GNG-Hits | prop. trials | 0.92 (±0.09) | 0.57–1.00 | |
| GNG-nogo-ACC | prop. trials | 0.96 (±0.04) | 0.76–1.00 | F(1, 119) = 34.16, p < .001 |
| Switching-single trials | RT | 1604.72 (±408.07) | 603.57–2830.73 | |
| Switching-non-switch trials | RT | 1646.90 (±406.41) | 551.02666.46–8 | |
| Switching-switch trials | RT | 1770.05 (±451.00) | 547.92–3180.26 | F(2, 238) = 91.75, p < .001 |
| Switching-switch cost | RT | 123.15 (±127.34) | −175.32–584.44 | |
| Shifting-mixing cost | RT | 42.18 (±118.20) | −282.59–375.66 |
Note. Education was measured using a 4-point scale: 1 = elementary school or less, 2 = junior school; 3 = high school; 4 = college. See text for explanation of abbreviation of scales and tasks. Prop. = proportion. SD = standard deviation. Min-Max = minimum-maximum score. N = 120.