Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios for the association between paternal and maternal hypertension on gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE) in the subgroups of BMI or smoking categories.
| Risk Factors/Hypertension in the Parents | Cases/Controls | GH Risk | Cases/Controls | PE Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR-a (95% CI); p * | AOR-a (95% CI); p * | |||
| Whole cohort | ||||
| In the mother | 31/137 | 1.51 (0.90–2.52); 0.117 | 11/137 | 3.26 (1.30–8.16); 0.012 |
| In the father | 33/135 | 1.98 (1.20–3.28); 0.008 | 5/135 | 1.60 (0.52–4.9); 0.412 |
| Ref ** | 59/496 | 1 | 10/496 | 1 |
| Normal BMI | ||||
| In the mother | 10/90 | 1.23 (0.56–2.69); 0.612 | 2/90 | 1.40 (0.26–7.60); 0.699 |
| In the father | 15/92 | 1.84 (0.92–3.67); 0.083 | 1/92 | 0.70 (0.08–6.34); 0.753 |
| Ref ** | 29/351 | 1 | 5/351 | 1 |
| Underweight | ||||
| In the mother | 0/6 | - | 1/6 | - |
| In the father | 1/6 | - | 1/6 | - |
| Ref ** | 0/30 | 1 | 1/30 | 1 |
| Overweight | ||||
| In the mother | 8/25 | 1.87 (0.69–5.11); 0.221 | 2/25 | 3.12 (0.37–26.42); 0.296 |
| In the father | 11/26 | 2.67 (1.02–7.02); 0.046 | 0/26 | - |
| Ref ** | 14/87 | 1 | 2/87 | 1 |
| Obesity | ||||
| In the mother | 13/16 | 1.60 (0.59–4.35); 0.359 | 6/16 | 6.51 (1.05–40.25); 0.044 |
| In the father | 6/11 | 1.09 (0.31–3.83); 0.894 | 3/11 | 3.57 (0.48–26.5); 0.214 |
| Ref ** | 16/28 | 1 | 2/28 | 1 |
| Never smoked | ||||
| In the mother | 23/104 | 1.87 (1.05–3.34); 0.034 | 10/104 | 5.31 (1.91–14.8); 0.001 |
| In the father | 21/114 | 1.70 (0.94–3.08); 0.079 | 4/114 | 1.99 (0.56–7.07); 0.289 |
| Ref ** | 46/421 | 1 | 7/421 | 1 |
| Smokers | ||||
| In the mother | 8/33 | 0.60 (0.19–1.96); 0.400 | 1/33 | 0.88 (0.07–11.38); 0.921 |
| In the father | 12/21 | 3.15 (1.16–8.54); 0.024 | 1/21 | 1.73 (0.13–23.57); 0.682 |
| Ref ** | 13/75 | 1 | 3/75 | 1 |
| Smokers in the 1st tr. | ||||
| In the mother | 2/8 | 0.39 (0.05–3.43); 0.398 | 1/8 | 2.03 (0.09–44.27); 0.653 |
| In the father | 7/5 | 4.71 (1.01–21.96); 0.048 | 1/5 | 6.32 (0.14–276.9); 0.339 |
| Ref ** | 8/27 | 1 | 2/27 | 1 |
* AOR-a: adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) calculated in the multiple logistic regression (model-a) after adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), primiparity, gestational weight gain (GWG) out of the range and smoking in the first trimester (in the subgroups, BMI and smoking was excluded from the confounding variables mentioned) (p- value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). ** Reference category: ‘Absence of hypertension in the family’ (in the parents and other relatives, i.e., sister(s), brother(s), grandmother(s) and grandfather(s)). Cases: GH i.e., gestational hypertension; PE i.e., preeclampsia; Controls: normotensive women.