Table 3.
Social environment level, cognitive aging and dementia outcome and study design for included individual studies.
| Citation | Interpersonal | Community | Policy | Cognitive Impairment |
Dementia | Cognitive Function |
Longitudinal | Cross-Sectional | Time-Varying Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadar et al., 2018 [9] | E | x | x | ||||||
| Amieva et al., 2010 [22] | AB | x | x | ||||||
| Ayotte et al. 2013 [23] | A | x | x | ||||||
| Ellwardt et al., 2015 [24] | B | x | x | ||||||
| Ertel et al., 2008 [25] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Evans et al., 2018 [26] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Fan et al., 2015 [27] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Fankhauser et al., 2015 [28] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Fankhauser et al., 2017 [29] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Fratiglioni et al., 2000 [30] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Ge et al., 2017 [31] | A | x | x | ||||||
| Glei et al., [32] | BCD | x | x | x | |||||
| González-Moneo et al., 2016 [33] | A | x | x | ||||||
| Bae et al., 2018 [34] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Gow et al., 2016 [35] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Grande et al., 2018 [36] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Green et al., 2008 [37] | ABD | x | x | ||||||
| Griffin et al., 2020 [38] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Gureje et al., 2011 [39] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Haslam et al., 2014 [40] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Heser et al., 2014 [41] | AC | x | x | ||||||
| Hikichi et al., 2017 [42] | ACD | x | x | x | |||||
| Holtzman et al., 2004 [43] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Hosking et al., 2017 [44] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Bennett et a., 2006 [45] | BD | x | x | ||||||
| Hwang et al., 2018 [46] | C | x | x | ||||||
| James et al., 2011 [47] | C | x | x | ||||||
| Jedrziewski et al., 2014 [48] | CD | x | x | x | |||||
| Kats et al., 2016 [49] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Jiang et al., 2020 [50] | C | GH | x | x | |||||
| Kim, C et al., 2016 [51] | CD | x | x | x | |||||
| Kim, YB et al., 2019 [52] | BCD | x | x | ||||||
| Kotwal et al., 2016 [53] | ABC | x | x | x | |||||
| Krueger et al., 2009 [54] | ABC | x | x | ||||||
| Kuiper et al., 2020 [55] | BD | x | x | ||||||
| Biddle et al., 2019 [56] | CD | x | x | x | |||||
| Lee et al., 2020 [57] | BC | x | x | ||||||
| Liao et al., 2017 [58] | A | x | x | ||||||
| Litwin et al., 2016 [59] | BC | x | x | ||||||
| Ma et al., 2018 [60] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Malek Rivan et al., 2019 [61] | A | x | x | x | |||||
| Marioni et al., 2015 [62] | ABC | x | x | x | |||||
| Marseglia et al., 2019 [63] | ABCD | x | x | ||||||
| Mattavelli et al., 2016 [64] | D | x | x | ||||||
| McHugh et al., 2017 [65] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Murata et al., 2019 [66] | ACD | x | x | ||||||
| Chiao, 2019 [67] | C | J | x | x | x | ||||
| Murayama, Miyamae et al., 2019 [68] | A | GH | x | x | |||||
| Murayama et al., 2013 [69] | B | x | x | ||||||
| Noguchi et al., 2019 [70] | A | x | x | ||||||
| O’Shea et al., 2018 [71] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Ouvrard et al., 2017 [72] | D | F | x | x | |||||
| Paúl et al., 2010 [73] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Pillemer et al., 2016 [74] | A | x | x | ||||||
| Pugh et al., 2020 [75] | AC | x | x | ||||||
| Rafnsson et al., 2020 [76] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Rodriguez et a., 2018 [77] | B | x | x | x | |||||
| Conroy et al., 2010 [78] | A | x | x | ||||||
| Röhr et al., 2020 [79] | AD | x | x | x | x | ||||
| Sakamoto et al., 2017 [80] | C | G | x | x | |||||
| Santini et al., 2017 [81] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Seeman et al., 2001 [82] | AB | x | x | ||||||
| Sharifian, Kraal et al., 2020 [83] | D | x | x | x | |||||
| Sommerlad et al., 2019 [84] | CD | x | x | x | x | ||||
| Sörman et al., 2015 [85] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Stoykova et al., 2011 [86] | ABC | x | x | ||||||
| Thomas et al., 2011 [87] | CD | x | x | x | |||||
| Tomioka et al., 2016 [88] | C | x | x | ||||||
| Crooks et al., 2008 [89] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Wang, C et al., 2016 [90] | B | x | x | ||||||
| Wang, H-X, 2002 [91] | C | x | x | ||||||
| Wang, Z et al., 2020 [92] | ABC | x | x | ||||||
| Wilson et al., 2015 [93] | A | x | x | x | |||||
| Wu, J et al. 2020 [94] | B | x | x | ||||||
| Zunzunegui et al., 2003 [95] | CD | x | x | ||||||
| Aartsen et al., 2002 * [96] | C | x | x | x | |||||
| Bassuk et al., 1999 * [97] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Andrew & Rockwood, 2010 * [98] | ABC | x | x | ||||||
| Blasko et al., 2014 * [99] | BC | x | x | ||||||
| Deng et al., 2019 [100] | C | x | x | ||||||
| Brown et al., 2009 * [101] | AB | x | x | ||||||
| Camozzato et al., 2015 * [102] | AB | x | x | x | |||||
| Holwerda et al., 2014 * [103] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Fabrigoule et al., 1995 * [104] | C | x | x | ||||||
| Magaziner & Cadigan, 1989 * [105] | BD | x | x | ||||||
| Riddle et al., 2015 * [106] | AB | x | x | x | x | ||||
| Saczynski et al., 2006 * [107] | D | x | x | ||||||
| Salinas et al., 2017 * [108] | AB | x | x | ||||||
| Andel et al., 2012 [109] | A | I | x | x | |||||
| Luo et al., 2019 [110] | C | F | K | x | x | ||||
| Dyer et al., 2020 [111] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Gow et al., 2013 [112] | AD | x | x | ||||||
| Hunter et al., 2018 [113] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Kim, D et al., 2016 [114] | E | x | x | x | |||||
| Kim, GH et al., 2017 [115] | E | x | x | ||||||
| Kovalchik et al., 2015 [116] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Lang et al., 2008 [117] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Letellier et al., 2018 [118] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Letellier et al., 2020 [119] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Liu et al., 2019 [120] | E | x | x | ||||||
| McCann et al., 2018 [121] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Meyer et al., 2018 [122] | F | x | x | x | |||||
| Murayama et al., 2018 [123] | GH | x | x | ||||||
| Murayama, Ura, et al. 2019 [124] | G | x | x | ||||||
| Peterson et al., 2019 [125] | E | x | x | ||||||
| Sharifian, Spivey et al., 2020 [126] | H | x | x | ||||||
| Shih et al., 2011 [127] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Sheffield et al. 2009 [128] | F | x | x | x | |||||
| Wight et al., 2006 [129] | E | x | x | ||||||
| Wörn et al., 2017 [130] | E | x | x | ||||||
| Wu, Y-T et al., 2015 [131] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Zeki et al., 2011 [132] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Zaheed et al., 2019 [133] | H | x | x | ||||||
| Zhang et al., 2019 [134] | H | x | x | ||||||
| Basta et al., 2008 * [135] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Deeg et al., 2005 * [136] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Lee et al., 2011 * [137] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Boardman et al., 2012 [138] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Clarke et al., 2012 [139] | F | x | x | ||||||
| Danielewicz et al., 2016 [140] | E | x | x | ||||||
| Estrella et al., 2020 [141] | H | x | x | ||||||
| Fernández-Blázquez et al., 2020 [142] | F | x | x | x | |||||
| Hikichi et al., 2020 [143] | G | x | x | x | |||||
| Total | 91 | 37 | 3 | 25 | 37 | 72 | 84 | 39 | 15 |
* Identified from a review study. A. Social support/strain B. Social network structure C. Formal social activity participation D. Informal social interaction E. Community demographic (single indicator) F. Community demographic (index of multiple indicators) G. Aggregated participant demographics H. Participant perceptions of community I. Work site policy/structure J. National Health Insurance Participation K. Employment services; income subsidies.