Table 3.
Maternal lifestyle characteristics by the reproductive status of Syrian refugee mothers.
| Variables a | PM n = 77 |
LM n = 204 |
NPNLM n = 152 |
Total b
n = 433 |
p-Value c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal daily meal pattern | |||||
| Have breakfast every day | 0.022 | ||||
| No | 20 (26.0) | 51 (25.2) | 57 (38.3) | 128 (29.9) | |
| Yes | 57 (74.0) | 151 (74.8) | 92 (61.7) | 300 (70.1) | |
| Main meals per day | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.018 |
| Snacks per day | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 0.155 |
| Drinks coffee/tea between meals d | 0.065 | ||||
| No | 55 (72.4) | 118 (59.3) | 84 (56.8) | 257 (60.8) | |
| Yes | 21 (27.6) | 81 (40.7) | 64 (43.2) | 166 (39.2) | |
| Drinks coffee/tea during a meal e | 0.122 | ||||
| No | 33 (43.4) | 75 (37.7) | 72 (48.6) | 180 (42.6) | |
| Yes | 43 (56.6) | 124 (62.3) | 76 (51.4) | 243 (57.3) | |
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| Physical activity f | 0.033 | ||||
| Low-intensity activity | 27 (35.1) | 85 (41.7) | 40 (26.3) | 152 (35.1) | |
| Moderate-intensity activity | 21 (27.3) | 56 (27.5) | 44 (28.9) | 121 (27.9) | |
| High-intensity activity | 29 (37.7) | 63 (30.9) | 68 (44.7) | 160 (37.0) | |
| Currently smoking cigarettes or shisha | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 68 (88.3) | 171 (83.8) | 105 (70.5) | 344 (80.0) | |
| Yes | 9 (11.7) | 33 (16.2) | 44 (29.5) | 86 (20.0) | |
| Currently drinking any type of alcohol | 0.260 | ||||
| No | 77 (100.0) | 194 (96.5) | 144 (97.3) | 415 (97.4) | |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.5) | 4 (2.7) | 11 (2.6) |
PM: regnant mothers; LM: Lactating mothers; NPNLM: Non-pregnant non-lactating mothers; a Categorical variables are expressed as n (%) and continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. b Lack of corresponding sum of frequencies with total sample size is due to missing data. c Significantly different at p-value < 0.05 (in bold); p-value was derived chi-square analysis for categorical variables. d Between meals is defined as two hours before or after a meal. e During the course of a meal is defined as during or one hour before or after a meal. f Physical activity was measured using the IPAQ short form. Low-intensity was based on no reported activity or some activity not enough to meet the moderate- or high-intensity. Moderate-intensity was calculated as five or more days of any combination of walking, moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities achieving a minimum of at least 600 MET-minutes/week. High-intensity was calculated as seven or more days of any combination of walking, moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities accumulating at least 3000 MET-minutes/week [29].