Table 5.
Odds ratio of anemia, nutritional status, and age by the reproductive status of mothers.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) a Reference Group: NPNLM |
aOR (95% CI) b
Reference Group: NPNLM |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant mothers |
Lactating mothers |
Pregnant mothers |
Lactating mothers |
|
| Age | ||||
| Age of the mother (years) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) * | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) ** | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) * | 0.97 (0.91–1.05) |
| Age of the children (months) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.83 (0.79–0.86) α | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) α |
| Health and lifestyle characteristics | ||||
| Self-reported previous diagnosis with anemia | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2.27 (1.20–4.32) * | 1.24 (0.80–1.93) | 2.60 (1.21–5.55) * | 1.75 (0.90–3.40) |
| Suffering from the flu (self-reported) | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 3.30 (1.13–9.64) * | 3.12 (1.24–7.87) * | 3.66 (1.08–12.42) * | 2.63 (0.72–9.58) |
| Mother’s use of supplements | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 7.66 (4.12–14.26) α | 1.72 (1.02–2.90) * | 12.47 (5.64–27.55) α | 2.37 (1.05–5.35) * |
| Have breakfast every day | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1.77 (0.96–3.24) | 1.83 (1.16–2.90) ** | 2.14 (1.05–4.40) * | 2.28 (1.14–4.56) * |
| Currently smokes cigarettes or shisha | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 0.32 (0.14–0.69) ** | 0.46 (0.28–0.77) ** | 0.34 (0.14–0.83) * | 0.41 (0.20–0.86) * |
| Anemia and nutritional status of mothers | ||||
| Classification of anemia c | ||||
| Not anemic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Mild anemia | 0.38 (0.15–0.96) * | 0.78 (0.45–1.37) | 0.26 (0.08–0.82) * | 1.09 (0.43–2.71) |
| Moderate anemia | 1.18 (0.46–3.03) | 0.40 (0.15–1.05) | 2.75 (0.70–10.84) | 0.93 (0.20–4.45) |
| Classification of malnutrition using MUAC | ||||
| Normal weight (23.0–27.9 cm) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Undernourished (<23.0 cm) | 0.26 (0.05–1.28) | 0.47 (0.17–1.27) | 0.26 (0.05–1.50) | 0.36 (0.09–1.48) |
| Overweight (28.0–30.9 cm) | 0.89 (0.45–1.76) | 0.85 (0.48–1.50) | 0.82 (0.36–1.86) | 0.94 (0.41–2.16) |
| Obese (≥31.0 cm) | 0.35 (0.18–0.72) ** | 0.64 (0.38–1.06) | 0.25 (0.10–0.60)** | 0.86 (0.39–1.92) |
| Anemia and nutritional status of children | ||||
| Total anemia (0–59 months) c | ||||
| Not anemic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Anemic | 0.74 (0.39–1.40) | 1.44 (0.91–2.27) | 0.66 (0.30–1.45) | 2.11 (1.07–4.17) * |
| Classification of anemia (6–59 months) d | ||||
| Not anemic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Mild anemia | 0.63 (0.29–2.49) | 2.70 (1.50–4.88) ** | 0.75 (0.21–2.62) | 2.98 (1.26–7.04) ** |
| Moderate anemia | 0.89 (0.32–1.40) | 2.10 (0.90–4.94) | 0.52 (0.20–1.36) | 2.67 (0.83–8.57) |
| BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) (0–59 months) | ||||
| Normal weight (−2 ≤ BAZ ≤ +2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Wasting (BAZ < −2) | 7.64 (1.54–37.76) * | 5.17 (1.15–23.28) * | 5.90 (1.02–34.18) * | 2.37 (0.44–11.90) |
| Overweight/obese (BAZ > +2) | 1.09 (0.26–4.50) | 1.33 (0.47–3.73) | 3.01 (0.54–16.79) | 0.58 (0.07–4.82) |
NPNLM: Non-pregnant non-lactating mothers; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, α p < 0.001; a Odds Ratio (OR) of the dependent variable (NPNLM vs. Pregnant mothers and Lactating mothers) are presented with 95% CI using simple logistic regression. b Adjusted OR (aOR) are presented with 95% CI using multiple logistic regression analysis. Model 1: adjusted for age of the mother and child, crowding index, and the total number of under-five children per household as continuous variables and for the sex of the child, education levels of the mother and father, employment status of the father, household monthly income, UNHCR registration status, head of household, household type, perception of safety, receipt of cash or food assistance, reliance on savings, and healthcare type as categorical variables. c Total anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 12.0 g/dL for LM and NPNLM, <11.0 g/dL for PM and children (6–59 months), and <10.5 g/dL for infants (0–5 months). d Anemia was classified as mild and moderate for LM and NPNLM (Hb 11.0–11.9 g/dL and 8.0–10.9 g/dL, respectively) and for PM and children aged 6 to 59 months (Hb 10.0–10.9 g/dL and 7.0–9.9 g/dL, respectively).