Table 7.
Dietary intake and nutritional inadequacy (<2/3rd of DRIs) of energy and macro- and micronutrients by the reproductive status of Syrian mothers.
| Variables | Intake/Day (Mean ± SD) | <2/3rd DRIs (n, %) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy and Macronutrients (%EI) | PM n = 77 |
LM n = 204 |
NPNLM n = 152 |
Total n = 433 |
PM n = 77 |
LM n = 204 |
NPNLM n = 152 |
Total n = 433 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1622.6 ± 872.9 a | 1555.5 ± 729.4 b | 1341.5 ± 685.2 c | 1492.3 ± 749.0 | - | - | - | - |
| Carbohydrates (%EI/d) | 51.8 ± 10.6 | 51.9 ± 11.2 | 53.1 ± 11.7 | 52.3 ± 11.3 | - | - | - | - |
| Protein (%EI/d) | 12.2 ± 5.1 | 12.3 ± 3.9 | 12.8 ± 4.6 | 12.4 ± 4.4 | - | - | - | - |
| Total fat (%EI/d) | 37.2 ± 11.0 | 36.8 ± 11.3 | 35.5 ± 11.3 | 36.4 ± 11.2 | - | - | - | - |
| MUFA (%EI/d) | 13.5 ± 8.4 | 12.8 ± 8.0 | 12.6 ± 9.4 | 12.9 ± 8.6 | - | - | - | - |
| Linoleic acid (%EI/d) | 8.9 ± 4.3 | 9.0 ± 5.1 | 8.7 ± 4.7 | 8.9 ± 4.8 | - | - | - | - |
| Linolenic acid (%EI/d) | 1.6 ± 3.8 | 1.4 ± 2.7 | 1.4 ± 2.8 | 1.4 ± 3.0 | - | - | - | - |
| PUFA (%EI/d) | 12.2 ± 13.0 | 12.1 ± 14.3 | 12.7 ± 21.3 | 12.3 ± 16.9 | - | - | - | - |
| SFA (%EI/d) | 9.4 ± 10.7 | 9.2 ± 7.0 | 8.2 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 7.0 | - | - | - | - |
| TFA (%EI/d) | 0.1 ± 0.22 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | - | - | - | - |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 146.4 ± 158.0 a | 162.5 ± 186.5 b | 116.9 ± 130.7 c | 143.6 ± 164.7 | - | - | - | - |
| Total sugar (%EI/d) | 12.8 ± 8.5 | 13.8 ± 7.79 | 15.0 ± 7.8 | 14.0 ± 8.0 | - | - | - | - |
| Macronutrient intake | ||||||||
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 205.9 ± 104.8 a | 197.0 ± 90.6 b | 171.4 ± 81.4 c | 189.6 ± 91.1 | 16 (20.8) d | 60 (29.4) e | 21 (13.8) f | 97 (22.4) |
| Protein (g/d) | 45.3 ± 21.7 | 46.7 ± 26.3 | 41.4 ± 24.5 | 44.6 ± 25.0 | 46 (59.7) d | 121 (59.3) e | 58 (38.2) f | 225 (52.0) |
| Linoleic acid (g/d) | 17.1 ± 12.5 | 16.2 ± 12.7 | 13.9 ± 11.2 | 15.6 ± 12.2 | 24 (31.2) | 65 (31.9) | 55 (36.4) | 144 (33.3) |
| Linolenic acid (g/d) | 4.3 ± 13.2 | 2.3 ± 4.4 | 2.2 ± 4.8 | 2.6 ± 6.9 | 43 (55.8) | 110 (53.9) | 90 (59.2) | 243 (56.1) |
| Fibers (g/d) | 16.8 ± 12.0 | 15.5 ± 11.0 | 14.5 ± 10.7 | 15.3 ± 11.1 | 51 (66.2) d | 148 (72.5) e | 107 (70.9) f | 306 (70.8) |
| Micronutrient intake | ||||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 10.2 ± 9.8 | 8.2 ± 6.2 | 8.0 ± 6.1 | 8.5 ± 7.0 | 63 (81.8) d | 92 (45.1) e | 121 (80.1) f | 276 (63.9) |
| Folate (µg/d) | 238.8 ± 222.0 | 221.3 ± 204.5 | 203.8 ± 178.3 | 218.2 ± 199.0 | 65 (84.4) | 161 (78.9) | 116 (76.3) | 342 (79.0) |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 1.4 ± 3.3 | 1.4 ± 2.4 | 1.2 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 2.4 | 59 (76.6) | 160 (78.4) | 117 (77.0) | 336 (77.6) |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 62.9 ± 65.1 | 64.4 ± 58.6 | 52.9 ± 43.0 | 60.1 ± 55.1 | 46 (59.7) | 140 (68.6) | 86 (57.0) | 272 (63.0) |
| Vitamin A (µg/d) | 418.6 ± 668.8 | 425.6 ± 530.7 | 329.8 ± 397.3 | 390.7 ± 517.9 | 57 (74.0) d | 182 (89.2) e | 126 (82.9) f | 365 (84.3) |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 0.8 ± 1.1 b | 0.4 ± 0.6 c | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 77 (100.0) | 204 (100.0) | 152 (100.0) | 433 (100.0) |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 9.1 ± 9.2 | 7.7 ± 5.9 | 7.1 ± 6.5 | 7.8 ± 6.8 | 53 (68.8) d | 175 (85.8) e | 120 (78.9) f | 348 (80.4) |
| Vitamin K (µg/d) | 132.1 ± 194.5 | 133.6 ± 276.9 | 111.0 ± 174.7 | 125.4 ± 231.2 | 35 (45.5) | 90 (44.1) | 84 (55.6) | 209 (48.4) |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 1.3 ± 0.8 a | 1.3 ± 0.7 b | 1.1 ± 0.6 c | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 24 (31.2) | 65 (31.9) | 40 (26.5) | 129 (29.9) |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.1 ± 0.7 a | 1.1 ± 0.6 b | 0.9 ± 0.5 c | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 37 (48.1) | 111 (54.4) | 70 (46.4) | 218 (50.5) |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 13.7 ± 7.1 | 13.8 ± 8.3 | 11.9 ± 6.9 | 13.1 ± 7.6 | 35 (45.5) | 86 (42.2) | 63 (41.4) | 184 (42.5) |
| Pantothenic acid (mg/d) | 3.4 ± 2.4 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 55 (71.4) d | 171 (83.8) e | 111 (73.0) f | 337 (77.8) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.0 ± 0.6 a | 0.9 ± 0.6 b | 0.8 ± 0.5 c | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 52 (67.5) d | 173 (84.8) e | 99 (65.6) f | 324 (75.0) |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 6.4 ± 4.3 | 6.0 ± 3.7 | 5.5 ± 3.5 | 5.9 ± 3.8 | 55 (71.4) d | 161 (78.9) e | 94 (62.3) f | 310 (71.8) |
| Copper (mg/d) | 1.3 ± 1.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.6 b | 0.9 ± 0.6 c | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 20 (26.0) d | 98 (48.0) e | 58 (38.2) f | 176 (40.6) |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 475.1 ± 386.1 | 449.6 ± 341.2 | 414.1 ± 325.9 | 441.7 ± 344.3 | 62 (80.5) | 166 (81.4) | 125 (82.8) | 353 (81.7) |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 216.2 ± 140.9 a | 183.1 ± 99.6 b | 174.2 ± 105.4 c | 186.8 ± 110.7 | 52 (67.5) | 139 (68.1) | 108 (71.5) | 299 (69.2) |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 2088.9 ± 1235.6 | 2217.8 ± 1335.6 | 1948.2 ± 1170.1 | 2100.2 ± 1265.0 | 13 (16.9) | 33 (16.2) | 32 (21.1) | 78 (18.0) |
| Potassium (mg/d) | 744.6 ± 459.1 a | 1798.2 ± 956.4 b | 1600.4 ± 879.9 c | 1752.9 ± 972.2 | 66 (85.7) d | 195 (95.6) e | 144 (94.7) f | 405 (93.5) |
| Phosphorus (mg/d) | 744.6 ± 459.1 | 696.4 ± 437.9 | 621.4 ± 391.6 | 678.6 ± 427.6 | 20 (26.0) | 66 (32.4) | 61 (40.4) | 147 (34.0) |
| Manganese (mg/d) | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 14 (18.2) d | 71 (34.8) e | 33 (21.9) f | 118 (27.3) |
| Selenium (µg/d) | 69.9 ± 39.0 a | 72.0 ± 37.9 b | 59.2 ± 34.0 c | 67.2 ± 37.2 | 18 (23.4) | 55 (27.0) | 40 (26.3) | 113 (26.1) |
DRIs: Dietary Reference Intakes; PM: Pregnant mothers; LM: Lactating mothers; NPNLM: Non-pregnant non-lactating mothers; d: day; %EI: percent energy intake; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA: saturated fatty acids; TFA: trans-fatty acids; Categorical variables are expressed as n (%) and continuous variables are expressed as mean ±SD. The nutritional inadequacy (<2/3rd DRIs) represents the proportion of mothers not meeting 2/3rd of the RDA or AI for micronutrients key macronutrient according to their age group and reproductive status (displayed in Annex A—Table A1). a,b,c Mean values in a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) using ANOVA test for the comparison of mean intakes/day. d,e,f Mean values in a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) using chi-square analysis for <2/3rd DRI.