Table A1.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macro- and micronutrients women of reproductive age according to their reproductive status.
| Pregnant Mothers | Lactating Mothers | Non-Pregnant Non-Lactating Mothers | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy and macronutrients | |||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2200–2652 | 2600–2700 | 2200 |
| Carbohydrates (%EI/d) | 45–65 | 45–65 | 45–65 |
| Protein (%EI/d) | 10–35 | 10–35 | 10–35 |
| Total fat (%EI/d) | 20–35 | 20–35 | 20–35 |
| MUFA (%EI/d) | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 |
| Linoleic acid (%EI/d) | 5–10 | 5–10 | 5–10 |
| Linolenic acid (%EI/d) | 0.6–1.2 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.6–1.2 |
| PUFA (%EI/d) | 6–11 | 6–11 | 6–11 |
| SFA (%EI/d) | 8–10 | 8–10 | 8–10 |
| TFA (%EI/d) | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | <200 | <200 | <200 |
| Total sugar (%EI/d) | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Macronutrients | |||
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 175 | 210 | 130 |
| Protein (g/d) | 71 | 71 | 46 |
| Linoleic acid (g/d) | 13 * | 13 * | 11–12 * |
| Linolenic acid (g/d) | 1.4 * | 1.3 * | 1.1 * |
| Fibers (g/d) | 28 * | 29 * | 25–26 * |
| Micronutrients | |||
| Iron (mg/d) | 27 | 9–10 | 15–18 |
| Folate (µg/d) | 600 | 500 | 400 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.4 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 80–85 | 115–120 | 65–75 |
| Vitamin A (µg/d) | 750–770 | 1200–1300 | 700 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 15 | 19 | 15 |
| Vitamin K (µg/d) | 75–90 * | 75–90 * | 75–90 * |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1–1.1 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1–1.1 |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 18 | 17 | 14 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg/d) | 6 * | 7 * | 5 * |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.9 | 2 | 1.2–1.3 |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 11–12 | 12–13 | 8–9 |
| Copper (mg/d) | 1 | 1.3 | 0.9 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 1000–1300 | 1000–1300 | 1000–1300 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 350–400 | 310–360 | 310–360 |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 1500 * | 1500 * | 1500 * |
| Potassium (mg/d) | 4700 * | 5100 * | 4700 * |
| Phosphorus (mg/d) | 700–1250 | 700–1250 | 700–1250 |
| Manganese (mg/d) | 2.0 * | 2.6 * | 1.6–1.8 * |
| Selenium (µg/d) | 60 | 55 | 70 |
d: day; %EI: percent energy intake; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA: saturated fatty acids; TFA: trans-fatty acids. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) refers to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Adequate Intakes (AIs), and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for energy and macro- and micronutrients as recommended by the Institute of Medicine [47,48]. RDAs are presented in bold type and AIs in ordinary types followed by an asterisk (*). Intakes of MUFA, PUFA, SFA, and TFA were analyzed based on the FAO recommendations [49]. Cholesterol intake was assessed based on the criteria of the National Institute of Health [50]. The reference intake of total sugar was based on the WHO recommendation [51].