Table 2.
EDC and Embryo Implantation Failure.
| Authors | Pub. Year | EDC | Used Tech. | Administration | Implantation | PR | ER | Pathway | Animal | Time of Exposure | Condition and Age of Administration |
| Borman ED et al. | 2015 | BPA | Immuno-histochemistry | daily injections of 0, 3, 4 or 5 mg BPA in peanut oil | reduction (BPA + stress) | / | / | E-cadherin | Mice (CF-1) | 4 days | Adult pregnant female (3–5 months) |
| Martinez-Pena AA et al. | 2019 | BPA | Protein extraction/WesternBlot/ELISA | confirmed pregnant females (n = 10 females per group) received 0.05 mg/kg/day BPA (previously dissolved in water–ethanol 0.1%) or vehicle via drinking water |
reduction | / | / | talin, occudin, E-cadherin | Rats (Wistar) | from GD 6 to lactation day 21 | Adult pregnant female |
| Crawford BR et al. | 2012 | Triclosan BPA | Anatomic observation | doses of 18 and 27 mg/animal/day on GD 1–3, single doses on GD 2 or 3, combination of triclosan + BPA (4 + 9 mg on GD 1–3) | reduction | / | / | / | Mice (Mus musculus) | 3 days | Adult pregnant female (3–6 months) |
| Berger RG et al. | 2008 | BPA | Anatomic observation, Enzyme Immunoassay |
EXPT 1: females with varied doses of BPA on GD 1–4 (6.75 and 10.125); EXPT 2: inseminated females with a single dose of BPA on GD 0,1, or 2 (6.75 and 10.125) | reduction | / | / | / | Mice (CF-1) | 4 days | Adult pregnant female (3–6 months) |
| Darmani H et al. | 2004 | BPA dimethacrylate | Anatomic observation | female mice and male mice were exposed to intragastric Bsi-DMA (0,5, 25,and 100 micg/kg) daily for 28 days | reduction | / | / | / | Mice (Swiss Mice) | 28 days | Adult female mice |
| Costa NO et al. | 2019 | TCC | hematoxylin and eosin | female mice were divided in 4 groups (n = 8–11/group): control group; group TCC 0.3 mg/kg; TCC 1.5 mg/kg; TCC 3.0 mg/kg; and treated daily by oral gavage | reduction | / | / | / | Rats (Wistar) | From GD 0—lactational day 21 | Adult pregnant female (3 months) effects on female offspring |
| Akthar I et al. | 2020 | Mancozeb | Immuno-histochemistry | female mice were administered by oral gavage from GD 1 to GD 8 with doses of Mancozeb (1, 16, and 32 mg/kg BW/day) | reduction | / | / | PGES, COX-2, PGFS, p53 | Mice (ICR) | 8 days | Adult pregnant female (10–12 weeks) |
| Pan X et al. | 2015 | BPA | ELISA, Immuno-histochemistry, Immuno-fluorescence staining | Pregnant females randomly divided into four groups (n = 30 for group). From day 0.5 to 4.5 of pregnancy. Daily gavaged with 0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day BPA in the sesame oil, respectively. | reduced | / | reduction | integrin β3 and trophinin | Mice (Kunming) | 5 days | Adult pregnant female (2-month) |
| Authors | Pub. Year | EDC | Used Tech. | Administration | Implantation | PR | ER | Pathway | Animal/Study Pop | Time of Exposure | Condition and Age of Administration |
| Pan X et al. | 2015 | BPA | ELISA, Immuno-histochemistry, Immuno-fluorescence staining | Preg-nant females were randomly divided into five groups (n = 30 per group). From 0.5 to 3.5 days in the pregnancy, the pregnant females were daily gavaged with 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg/day of BPA in the sesame oil. | reduced | / | / | / | Mice (Kunming) | 5 days | Adult pregnant female (2-month) |
| Bosquiazzo VL et al. | 2009 | BPA | RNA extraction & RT/PCR/Immunohistochemistry | s.c. injections of vehicle, BPA (0.05 mg/kg per day or 20 mg/kg per day) on postnatal days 1,3, 5 and 7 | / | No affect | reducection | VEGF, ESR1, NCOA3 and NCOR1 | Rats (Wistar) | 4 days | Newborn Female |
| Kim JC et al. | 2001 | BPA | Anatomic observation | Doses of 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg of BPA (10 mg/kg body weight from GD 1 through 20) | reduction | / | / | / | Rats (Sprague-Dawley) | 20 days | Adult pregnant female (10 weeks) |
| Markey CM et al. | 2005 | BPA | H & E staining/Morphometric analysis/Immunofluorescence/TUNEL method/ | utero exposure to 25 and 250 ng BPA/kg of body weight per day at GD9 | / | increase | increase | / | Mice (CD-1) | 14 days | Adult pregnant female (8 weeks) effects on female offspring |
| Tran DN et al. | 2018 | BPA, OP | RNA extraction/RT PCR/Western blot | female mice from GD 0.5 to GD 3.5 divided into 7 groups (8 mouse each) and given s.c injection of corn oil or ICI (4mg/kg) or estradiol (E2 40micg/kg/day) or BPA (100mg/kg/day) or OP (100 mg/kg/day). Mice in 3 other groups (E2 + ICI, BPA + ICI, OP + ICI) received sc injection of ICI (4mg/kg) 30 min before treatment | reduced(PO); alterated expression(BPA) | reducection | reducection | HOXA10,MUC1, LIF | Mice (ICR) | 3 days | Adult pregnant female (8 weeks) |
| Xiao S. et al. | 2011 | BPA | Immunohistochemistry | mice were s.c. injected daily with 0, 0.025, 0.5, 10, 40, and 100 mg/kg/day (~ 0, 0.000625, 0.0125, 0.25, 1, 2.5 mg/mouse/day, respectively) of BPA or with 0.01 mg/kg/day E2 (Sigma-Aldrich) in 100 μL sesame oilAldrich) from gestation days 0.5 to 3.5 | reducection | / | / | Mice (C57BL6) | 3.5 day | Adult pregnant female (2–3 months) | |
| Authors | Pub. Year | EDC | Used Tech. | Administration | Implantation | PR | ER | Pathway | Animal | Time of Exposure | Condition and Age of Administration |
| LI R et al. | 2012 | DEHP | SEM/RT—PCR/Immucitochemistry/Western blot | 4 groups of 20 mice (control group, 250 mg/kg/day DEHP 500 mg/kg/day DEHP group and 1000 mg/kg/day DEHP group, (10 mice for each group on D5 and D6)) | reduction | increase | increase | HOXA10, E-Cadherin, MMp2, p-ERK e NF-KB | Mice (Kunming) | PND22-9GD | Adult pregnant female (8 weeks) |
| Qu XL et al. | 2017 | PCB 118 | Immunohistochemistry/RT/QPCR Analysis | 4 groups with 12 mice in each group | reduction pregnancy rate | No affect | reductiond | Haxa10, ITGB3,DNMT1, DNMT3b | Mice (CD-1) | 30 days | Adult pregnant female (8 weeks) |
| Milesi MM et al. | 2017 | endosulfan | Immunohistochemistry/image analysis | corn oil, 6 micg/kg/day of endosulfan (Endo6) or 600 mic/kg/day of endosulfan (Endo600) on postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, 5, 7 | / | / | increase | MUC1,IGF1,LIF | Rats (Wistar) | 4 days | newborn female |
| Yi T et al. | 2018 | BaP | RT PCR/Immuhistochemistry/Western Blot/Flow Cytometry/Immunofluorescence | pregnant mice were gavaged with corn oil (control group) or 0.2 mg/kg/day of BaP (treatment group) from GD 1 to GD 6 | / | / | / | HOXA10, BMP2, pathways-Wnt, BCL2,BAX | Mice (Kunming) | 6 days | Adult pregnant female |
| Zhao Y et al. | 2014 | BaP | Plasma sampling and hormone assays/PCR/IHC staining/Western Blot | pregnant mice were dosed with BaP at 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg/day from GD1 to GD 5 | reduction | reduction | increase | HOXA10,E-Cadherin | Mice (Kunming) | 5 days | Adult pregnant female (8 weeks) |
| Yuan Met al. | 2019 | BPA | H & E staining and Immunohistochemistry / Cell proliferation assay / Cell culture and treatment / RT-PCR / SDS-PAGE and Immunoblot Analysis / Murine model of oil-induced decidualization | mice were randomly assigned to to control or BPA 4 exposure groups: 0, 1, 10, 100 micg/kg/day dissolved in 10 micl of DMSO and 200 micl of corn oil, and administered by gavage on embryo day 0.5–3.5 and in pseudopregnancy 0.5–3.5 day. | reduction | / | / | SGK1 | Mice (ICR) | 3 days | Adult pregnant female (7–9 weeks) |
| Ema M et al. | 2001 | MPB | radioimmunoassay | administration of DBP-MBuP to pregnant rats and pseudopregnant rats on GD 0 and GD 8 by gastric intubation at 250, 500, 750, or 1000 mg/kg. And pregnancy outcome was determined on day 20 of pregnancy | reduction | / | / | / | Rats (Wistar) | 8 days | Adult pregnant female |
| Martinez-Pe AA et al. | 2016 | BPA | Immunohistochemistry/Western blot | pregnant wistar dams (F0) received BPA -L (0.05 mg/kg/day), BPA-H (20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle, from GD 6 to 21. F1 females pups were mated at 3 months of age and sacrificed at GD 1, 3, 6, 7. | reduction | / | / | TJ proteins claudin | Rats (Wistar) | 6–21 day of lactation | Adult pregnant female |
| Authors | Pub. Year | EDC | Used Tech. | Administration | Implantation | PR | ER | Pathway | Animal | Time of Exposure | Condition and Age of Administration |
| Muller JE et al. | 2018 | BPA | Quantification of uMCs and uNKs/uSAs/High frequency US examination/Measurement of fetal and placental weight/Histology | pregnant female mice exposed to 50 micg/kg/day of BPA or 0.1% ethanol by oral gavage from GD 1 to GD 7 | No effect | / | / | / | Mice (C57BL/6) | 7 days | Adult pregnant female (8–11 weeks) |
| Singh et al. | 2019 | CYP | RNA extraction & RT/PCR/cDNA preparation for quantification gene expression | pregnant rats (F0) were gavaged daily with 0, 1, 10, 25 mg/kg bw/day CYP and 10 micg/kg bw/day Diethylstilbestrol from GD 6 to posnatal day 21 | / | increase | increase | HOXA10,a-SMA | Rats (Holtzman) | GD 6-PND 21 | Adult pregnant female (9–10 weeks) effects on female offspring |
| Milesi MM et al. | 2015 | Endosulfan | Hormone assay/Immunihistochemistry with strepatvidin-biotin preoxidase method/Quantification of cell proliferation and protein expression by image analysis/Dual immunofluorescence staining | received the vehicle 0.2 micg/kg/day of Diethylstilbestrol, 6 micg/kg/day of endosulfan (Endo6) or 600 micg/kg/day of endosulfan (Endo600) on postnatadl days (PND) 1, 3, 5, 7. | reduction | increase | increase | HOXA10, SMRT, SRC-1 | Rats (Wistar) | 4 days | newborn female |
| Varayoud J et al. | 2011 | BPA | Immunihistochemistry/RT and real-time quantitative PCR analysis/Quantification of protein expression | received vehicle BPA.05 (0.05 mg/kg/day), BPA.20 (20 mg/kg/day), DES.2 (0.2 mg/kg/day) or DES.20 (20 mg/kg/day) on PND 1, 3, 5, 7 | reduction | reduction | reduction | Hoxa10, ITGB3,EMX-2 | Rats (Wistar) | 4 days | newborn female |
| Berger RG et al. | 2010 | BPA | Immunohistochemical staining/Uterine and ovarian histomorphology/Western Blot | CF-1 mice were injected s.c. with BPA (doses of 0, 3, 3.75, 6.75 and 10.125 mg/animal/day, equivalent to 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day) dissolved in 0.45 mll of peanut oil on GD 1–4. | reduction | increase (low dose) reduction (high dose) | increase (low dose) reduction (high dose) |
/ | Mice (CF-1) | 4 days | Adult pregnant female (3–5 months) |
| Zhou Y et al. | 2017 | beta-CP | Immunohistochemistry/RT-PCR/Western Blot | 40 female mice were assigned to 4 groups of 10 mice each: 1 control group and 3-CP treated groups. The control group (10 mice) was administered with corn oil only, the 3 groups were given corn oil with 5 (10 mice), 10 (10 mice), 20 (mice) mg/kg bw day CP for 3 months through intragastric administration. | reduction | increase | increase | HOXA10 | Mice (Kunming) | 90 days | Adult female (21 days) |
| Authors | Pub. Year | EDC | Used Tech. | Administration | Implantation | PR | ER | Pathway | Animal | Time of Exposure | Condition and Age of Administration |
| Taxvig C et al. | 2008 | propiconazole, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole and ketoconazole | Hershberger Test/RT-PCR | a total of 50 time-mated rats at GD4 were divided in 5 groups of 10 rats each. The rats were gavaged with vehicle (corn oil) or 50 mg/kg epoxiconazole, 50 mg/kg ketoconazole, 50 mg/kg propiconazole or 50 mg/kg tebuconazole from GD 7 to GD 21 (the dams were given a dosing volume of 2ml/kg body weight | reduction | / | / | / | Rats (Wistar) | 14 days | Adult pregnant female |
| Sapmaz-Metin M et al. | 2017 | CD | TUNEL assey/Immuno-histochemistry | female BALB/c mice were exposed to 200 ppm Cadmium in their drinking water for either 30 or 60 days | / | / | increase | / | Mice (Balb/c) | Group 2: 30 days; Group 3: 60 days | Adult female |
| Li Q et al. | 2016 | BPA | qPCR | 4 groups and orally exposed to 0, 60, 600g/kg/d of BPA (designated as BPA-0, BPA-60 , BPA-600, n 8–10/experimental group) |
reduction | reduction | no affect | Ihh, Alox15, and Irg1, Hand2 and Hoxa10. if, Fra-1, and Gja1 e MUC1 FGFR/ERK1 | Mice (CD-1) | 5 weeks | Adult female |
| Kim HR et al. | 2014 | BPA | RNA isolation and quantitative RT-PCR analysis (qPCR)/Immunohistochemistry | adult OVX mice were s.c. injected with vehicle (sesame oil 0.1 mL/mouse) or E2 (200 ng/mouse). They were given a single injection of E2 (3-3000 ng), BPA (10-500 mg/kg), P4 (2mg/mouse), GPR30 agonist (1–10 micg), RU486 (1mg/mouse), pretreated with ICI 182,780 (500 micg/mouse) 30 min before. | / | / | increase | Pathway Egr1/2 | Mice (ICR) | 6 days | Adult female (8 weeks) |
| Pocar P et al. | 2017 | DEHP | Histological analysis, reverse-transcription PCR/ | gestating F0 mouse dams were exposed to 0, 0.05, 5 mg/kg/day DEHP in the diet from GD 0.5 until the end of lactation | / | / | / | Cdx2, Eomes, Lif | Mice (CD-1) | DPC 0-PND 21 | Adult pregnant female effects on female offspring |
| Ema M et al. | 2000 | DBP | RNA isolation/Oligonucleotide microarrays/Microarray analysis- data processing/Microarray analysis-identification of significantly atered genes | rats weere given DBP by gastric intubation at 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500 mg/kg from GD 0 to GD 8, and the pregnancy outcome was determined on day 20 of pregnancy. The same doses weere given to pseudopregnant rats on GD 0 to GD 8 | reduction | / | / | / | Rats (Wistar) | 8 days | Adult pregnant female |