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Toxicity of bisphenols. (A) Chemical structures of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS). (B) Molecular mechanisms of BPA estrogenicity. BPA can bind nuclear and membrane-bound estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ). Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for BPA competing with 17β-estradiol in vitro are listed below each receptor [9,10,11].
