Table 3.
Linear Regression Results Examining Relationships Between Health Care Utilization and Study Variables
| Variable | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Overall, est. (SE) | Male, est. (SE) | Female, est. (SE) | Overall, est. (SE) | Male, est. (SE) | Female, est. (SE) | |
|
| ||||||
| Loneliness | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.31) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.07 (0.15) | −0.14 (0.44) | 0.17 (0.15) |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic White) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | −0.74 (0.52) | −1.63 (1.62) | −0.41 (0.48) | −0.76 (0.60) | −1.84 (1.78) | −0.51 (0.57) |
| Hispanic | −1.24 (0.70) | −1.81 (1.55) | −1.02 (0.74) | −1.84 (0.86)* | −2.45 (1.85) | −1.56 (0.94) |
| Other | −0.99 (0.73) | −1.96 (1.91) | −0.61 (0.72) | −0.70 (0.95) | −0.87 (2.19) | −0.38 (1.01) |
| Married/Living with partner (ref: single/other) | −0.71 (0.35)* | −1.84 (0.90)* | −0.32 (0.34) | −0.86 (0.41)* | −1.81 (1.11) | −0.32 (0.42) |
| Social connectedness (ie, seeing other people >5 times per week) (ref: ≤5x) | 0.49 (0.36) | 0.99 (0.93) | 0.32 (0.35) | 0.81 (0.42) | 1.92 (1.16) | 0.46 (0.42) |
| Attends religious services 1–2 times per month or more (ref: few times per year or never) | 0.06 (0.36) | −0.99 (0.93) | 0.50 (0.35) | 0.56 (0.42) | −0.66 (1.10) | 0.88 (0.42)* |
| >3 years living at same address (ref: ≤3 years) | 0.15 (0.38) | 1.34 (0.99) | −0.34 (0.37) | 0.30 (0.45) | 1.43 (1.22) | −0.24 (0.44) |
| Age | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.01) |
| Mental health | −0.42 (0.16)* | −0.83 (0.44) | −0.31 (0.16)* | −0.13 (0.24) | −0.47 (0.63) | 0.03 (0.24) |
| Physical health | −0.64 (0.17)‡ | −0.99 (0.48)* | −0.54 (0.16)† | −0.75 (0.25)† | −1.28 (0.68) | −0.58 (0.25)* |
|
| ||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.8% | |||
a
Model 1 was unadjusted.
b
Model 2 was adjusted for race/ethnicity, marital status, seeing other people >5x per week, religious services, living at the same address, age, self-rated mental health, self-rated physical health, and sex.
*
P<0.05;
†
P<0.01;
‡
P<0.001.
est., estimate; SE, standard error.