Table 3. Descriptive statistics for cognitive outcomes at baseline, pre-intervention, and post-intervention (N = 20).
| Measure | Baseline (Week 0) | Pre-Intervention (Week 12) | Post-Intervention (Week 24) | ICC^ (3,1) | Effect Size^^ (d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Outcomes: | |||||
| NIHTB-CB Fluid Composite Score | 95.4 ± 8.2 | 95.9 ± 8.4 | 103.6 ± 8.7 | 0.77 | 1.27 |
| • Flanker | 95.8 ± 7.5 | 97.3 ± 6.2 | 101.4 ± 7.2 | 0.64 | 0.40 |
| • List Sorting | 96.5 ± 9.1 | 94.9 ± 10.2 | 102.9 ± 6.2 | 0.69 | 1.19 |
| • Dimensional Change Card Sort | 101.5 ± 7.5 | 102.7 ± 7.4 | 105.9 ± 8.3 | 0.81 | 0.35 |
| • Pattern Comparison | 95.8 ± 12.1 | 93.90 ± 12.8 | 104.5 ± 12.8 | 0.57 | 1.15 |
| • Picture Sequence | 98.2 ± 12.1 | 100.5 ± 10.8 | 102.5 ± 12.4 | 0.47 | -0.03 |
| NIHTB-CB Crystallized Composite Score# | 112.4 ± 7.2 | 112.8 ± 8.3 | 112.1 ± 7.0 | 0.91 | -0.34 |
| • Picture Vocabulary# | 113.5 ± 7.6 | 113.6 ± 9.0 | 112.6 ± 7.2 | 0.89 | -0.26 |
| • Oral Reading# | 110.4 ± 6.7 | 111.0 ± 6.9 | 110.8 ± 6.6 | 0.93 | -0.35 |
The control period 12-week test-retest reliability was important since this study was a single group clinical trial. No changes were observed from baseline to pre-intervention. The effects of the 12-week periodized RT intervention are evident via changes from pre- to post-intervention and calculated effect sizes. Mean ± SD.
^Two-way mixed intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement calculated using baseline and pre-intervention data.
^^Adapted Cohen’s d effect size calculated by subtracting the mean changes from pre- to post-intervention by the mean changes from baseline to pre-intervention and dividing the average standard deviation of those changes.
#Data from one participant were considered outliers and therefore excluded from analyses (N = 19).
NIHTB-CB = NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. All scores presented as uncorrected standard scores (population mean and SD = 100 ± 15).