Table 4. Descriptive statistics for physiological outcomes and questionnaire responses at baseline, pre-intervention, and post-intervention (N = 20).
| Measure | Baseline (Week 0) | Pre-Intervention (Week 12) | Post-Intervention (Week 24) | ICC^ (3,1) | Effect Size^^ (d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological Outcomes: | |||||
| Body Weight (kg) | 72.3 ± 10.1 | 72.0 ± 9.5 | 72.2 ± 9.8 | 0.98 | -0.01 |
| Body Fat Percentage (%) | 38.8 ± 5.8 | 38.7 ± 5.9 | 37.8 ± 5.7 | 0.99 | 0.67 |
| Lean Body Mass (kg) | 42.8 ± 8.4 | 42.7 ± 7.9 | 43.5 ± 8.1 | 0.99 | 0.63 |
| Fat Mass (kg) | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 26.6 ± 4.5 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 0.96 | 0.21 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 121.6 ± 18.9 | 121.1 ± 15.0 | 117.2 ± 14.9 | 0.79 | -0.04 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 63.4 ± 10.4 | 64.2 ± 10.0 | 64.5 ± 10.9 | 0.77 | -0.14 |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 65.7 ± 9.9 | 65.6 ± 11.1 | 64.5 ± 10.6 | 0.77 | -0.01 |
| Total Body Strength (kg) | 307.1 ± 141.3 | 299.5 ± 140.6 | 452.2 ± 162.6 | 0.99 | 3.86 |
| • Lower Body Strength (kg) | 207.6 ± 106.1 | 202.6 ± 106.1 | 319.9 ± 125.3 | 0.99 | 3.73 |
| • Upper Body Strength (kg) | 99.5 ± 37.4 | 96.8 ± 36.5 | 132.3 ± 40.9 | 0.98 | 3.37 |
| Margaria Power (W) | 362.2 ± 103.2 | 366.8 ± 101.6 | 417.2 ± 112.0 | 0.97 | 1.59 |
| Timed Up and Go (sec) | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 0.67 | -1.98 |
| Y-Balance## (cm) | 396.4 ± 38.7 | 407.7 ± 37.3 | 430.5 ± 38.3 | 0.59 | 0.55 |
| Habitual Gait Speed (m/sec) | 1.4 ± 0.2* | 1.4 ± 0.2* | 1.5 ± 0.2* | 0.68 | 0.01* |
| Questionnaire Responses: | |||||
| PSQI Score | 4.0 ± 2.8* | 5.0 ± 3.0* | 3.5 ± 1.75* | 0.84 | -0.39* |
| ISEL Score | 15.0 ± 2.0* | 14.3 ± 3.5* | 15.0 ± 2.3* | 0.81 | 0.69* |
| SF-36 Physical Functioning | 95.0 ± 13.8* | 92.5 20.0* | 95.0 10.0* | 0.53 | 0.47* |
| SF-36 Limitations Due to Physical Health | 100.0 ± 18.8* | 100.0 ± 25.0* | 100.0 ± 0.0* | 0.16 | 0.27* |
| SF-36 Limitations Due to Emotional Problems | 100.0 ± 24.9* | 100.0 ± 24.8* | 100.0 ± 0.0* | 0.10 | 0.30* |
| SF-36 Energy/Fatigue | 76.0 ± 9.8 | 76.8 ± 10.6 | 79.3 ± 10.4 | 0.56 | 0.19 |
| SF-36 Emotional Well-Being | 88.0 ± 8.0* | 88.0 ± 15.0* | 90.0 ± 8.0* | 0.77 | 0.26* |
| SF-36 Social Functioning | 100.0 ± 12.5* | 100.0 ± 0.0* | 100.0 ± 0.0* | 0.66 | -0.24* |
| SF-36 Pain | 90.0 ± 28.1* | 90.0 ± 30.0* | 90.0 ± 17.4* | 0.72 | 0.13* |
| SF-36 General Health | 77.8 ± 12.3 | 80.3 ± 12.5 | 85.3 ± 10.1 | 0.46 | 0.26 |
The control period 12-week test-retest reliability was important since this study was a single group clinical trial. No changes were observed from baseline to pre-intervention. The effects of the 12-week periodized RT intervention are evident via changes from pre- to post-intervention and calculated effect sizes. Mean ± SD.
^Two-way mixed intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement calculated using baseline and pre-intervention data.
^^Adapted Cohen’s d effect size calculated by subtracting the mean changes from pre- to post-intervention by the mean changes from baseline to pre-intervention and dividing the average standard deviation of those changes.
*Median ± IQR and matched-pairs rank-biserial effect size calculated on the changes from pre- to post-intervention versus changes from baseline to pre-intervention.
##Four participants were not able to perform all six reach directions at baseline and/or pre-intervention, so their data were excluded from analyses (N = 16).
PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Lower scores indicate better sleep quality, scores ≥ 5 are classified as clinically poor sleep quality.
ISEL = International Support Evaluation List. Higher scores indicate greater social support, up to a maximum of 16.
SF-36 = Short Form-36. Higher scores indicate greater health-related quality of life, up to a maximum of 100.