Table 3.
A. Review level findings: Intervention vs no intervention (22 reviews–some of the reviews are shown in more than one population if separate data were provided). B. Review level findings: Intervention vs other intervention (5 reviews).
| A | ||||||||
| Intervention | Comparison | EBHC knowledge | Attitudes | Skills | Behaviour | Composite score (knowledge and skills) | Use in clinic practice | Patients’ outcomes |
| Mixed group of participants (undergraduate, postgraduate, healthcare professionals, decision-makers, patients) (6 reviews) | ||||||||
| Journal club | control/pre-test | [38] | [38] | [38] | ||||
| Critical appraisal | control/pre-test | [39],[449] | [39], [44] | [39], [44] | [39], [4439] | |||
| E-learning pure | no intervention | [8] | [8] | [8] | [8] | |||
| Various, mainly multifaceted EBHC training with workshops, lectures, longer EBHC courses, small group discussions, journal club, practical sessions (classroom based), presentation, mentoring, online support, e-mail list | control/pre-test | [45] | [45] | [45] | [45] | |||
| Various, mainly multifaceted EBHC interventions with mixed lectures and clinically integrated (majority at least 3 steps of EBHC) | control/pre-test | [42] | [42] | [42] | [42] | |||
| Postgraduate students and healthcare professionals, managers, decision makers (15 reviews) | ||||||||
| Journal Club | no intervention | [35], [34], [32], [36], [37] | [36] | [35], [34], [32], [36], [37] | [35], [34], [32], [37] | [36] | [35], [32] | |
| Critical appraisal /Critical appraisal course/workshop, journal club, conference, presentations, reading, seminar | control/ no intervention/pre-test | [33], [28], [41] | [33], [36], [28] | [33], [36], [41] | ||||
| Blended | no intervention | [8] | [8] | [8] | [8] | |||
| Standalone EBHC | control/pre-test | [12], [37] | [12] | [12], [37] | [12] | |||
| Clinically integrated /Various educational interventions supporting implementation of EBHC (lectures, seminars, workshops, mentors, fellowship, projects in practice or combinations) | control/pre-test | [12], [37] | [12] | [12], [37] | [12], [37] | [48] | ||
| Workplace education online | pre-test | [46] | ||||||
| Workplace education face-to-face | pre-test | [46] | [46] | [46] | ||||
| EBHC course | control/pre-test | [36], [40] | [32], [36] | |||||
| Multifaceted intervention/interactive workshops | control/pre-test | [32], [36] | [36] | [32], [40], [43] | [36], [29] | [36] | ||
| Undergraduate students (5 reviews) | ||||||||
| Critical appraisal course, lectures, seminars, tutorials | control/pre-test | [33], [41] | [33] | [33] | ||||
| E-learning pure | no intervention/pre-test | [30] | [30] | |||||
| Standalone short instructions (seminar, workshop, short course) | control/pre-test | [30] | [30] | [30] | [30] | |||
| EBHC course | control | [40] | [40] | [40] | ||||
| Clinically integrated | control/pre-test | [30] | [30] | [30] | ||||
| Multifaceted interventions (lecture, seminar, reading, small group work, practical session, individual work, personal digital assistant; presentation, mentoring; also including various EBHC teaching interventions based on theory) | no intervention/pre-test | [30], [47] | [30], [47] | [47] | [47] | |||
| B | ||||||||
| Mixed group of participants (undergraduate, postgraduate, healthcare professionals) (1 review) | ||||||||
| E-learning pure | face-to-face | [8] | [8] | [8] | ||||
| Blended | pure e-learning | [8] | [8] | |||||
| Blended | face-to-face | [8] | [8] | [8] | [8] | [8] | ||
| Postgraduate students and healthcare professionals, decision makers (3 reviews) | ||||||||
| E-learning | lecture based clinically integrated | [32] | [32] | |||||
| E-learning | another e-learning | [8] | ||||||
| Journal club face-to-face | journal club online | [32] | ||||||
| Workplace education online | traditional face-to-face | [46] | ||||||
| Undergraduate students (2 reviews) | ||||||||
| E-learning | traditional face-to-face | [30] | [30] | [30] | ||||
| Problem-based learning EBHC teaching in small group | usual EBHC teaching (whole class) | [30] | [30] | |||||
| Self-directed EBHC | directed EBHC workshops | [40] | [40] | [40] | ||||
Dark green: consistent improvement reported by all reviews in a comparison or all studies if only single review included for comparison.
Light green: less consistent improvement (improvement in some reviews/studies/certain designs but no all reviews/studies/designs or improvement only in single study with weak design (BA)).
Yellow: reviews included in the comparison or studies included in the review in case of a single review included for a comparison reported no difference between the groups.
Grey: not clear, inconsistent results.
White: not assessed.
RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; PG: Postgraduate; BA: Before After study; CT: Controlled Trial; UG: Undergraduate; CBA: Controlled Before After study; HC: Health Care.