Table 1. Baseline characteristics of studied population.
| Characteristics | Vocational school (Mueang Chiang Rai District) n (%) | Wiang Kaen District n (%) | Total n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Site | |||
| Wiang Kaen District | - | 130 (33.2) | 130 (33.2) |
| Vocational school (Mueang Chiang Rai District) | 262 (66.8) | - | 262 (66.8) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 170 (64.9) | 67 (51.5) | 237 (60.5) |
| Female | 92 (35.1) | 63 (48.5) | 155 (39.5) |
| Nationalities | |||
| Thai | 236 (90.1) | 57 (43.8) | 293 (74.7) |
| Laotian | 3 (1.1) | 69 (53.1) | 72 (18.4) |
| Myanmar | 4 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (1.3) |
| Chinese | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.5) |
| Other | 17 (6.5) | 3 (2.3) | 20 (5.1) |
| Hill tribes | |||
| Hmong | 19 (7.2) | 1 (0.8) | 20 (5.1) |
| Lahu | 75 (28.6) | 4 (3.1) | 79 (20.2) |
| Akha | 51 (19.5) | 0 (0) | 51 (13.0) |
| Lisu | 82 (31.3) | 124 (95.4) | 206 (52.5) |
| Others | 35 (13.4) | 1 (0.8) | 36 (9.2) |
| Occupation | |||
| Student | 258 (98.5) | 55 (42.3) | 313 (79.8) |
| Farmer/rubber planter | 1 (0.4) | 60 (46.2) | 61 (15.6) |
| Unemployed | 0 (0) | 7 (5.4) | 7 (1.8) |
| Other | 3 (1.1) | 8 (6.1) | 11 (2.8) |
| History of working aboard | |||
| Yes | 36 (13.7) | 2 (1.5) | 38 (9.7) |
| No | 221 (84.4) | 122 (93.9) | 343 (87.5) |
| Unknown | 5 (1.9) | 6 (4.6) | 11 (2.8) |
| History of working in other provinces | |||
| Yes | 190 (72.5) | 15 (11.5) | 205 (52.6) |
| No | 70 (26.7) | 109 (83.9) | 179 (45.4) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.8) | 6 (4.6) | 8 (2.0) |
| History of sandfly bite | |||
| Yes | 1 (0.4) | 3 (2.3) | 4 (1.0) |
| No | 74 (28.2) | 103 (79.2) | 177 (45.2) |
| Unknown | 187 (71.4) | 24 (18.5) | 211 (53.8) |
| History of blood recipient | |||
| Yes | 4 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 6 (1.5) |
| No | 247 (94.3) | 125 (96.2) | 372 (94.9) |
| Unknown | 11 (4.2) | 3 (2.3) | 14 (3.6) |
| History of drug use | |||
| Yes | 5 (1.9) | 2 (1.5) | 7 (1.8) |
| No | 246 (93.9) | 122 (93.9) | 368 (93.8) |
| Unknown | 11 (4.2) | 6 (4.6) | 17 (4.4) |
| Animal in community | |||
| Yes | 156 (59.5) | 57 (43.8) | 213 (54.5) |
| No | 96 (36.6) | 66 (50.8) | 162 (41.3) |
| Unknown | 10 (3.8) | 7 (5.4) | 17 (4.2) |
| Animal raising | |||
| Pigs | |||
| Yes | 29 (11.1) | 15 (11.5) | 44 (11.2) |
| No | 233 (88.9) | 115 (88.5) | 348 (88.8) |
| Dogs | |||
| Yes | 94 (35.9) | 23 (17.7) | 117 (29.8) |
| No | 168 (64.1) | 107 (82.3) | 275 (70.2) |
| Cats | |||
| Yes | 32 (12.2) | 20 (15.4) | 52 (13.3) |
| No | 230 (87.8) | 110 (84.6) | 340 (86.7) |
| Chickens | |||
| Yes | 38 (14.5) | 26 (20.0) | 64 (16.3) |
| No | 224 (85.5) | 104 (80.0) | 328 (83.7) |
| Ducks | |||
| Yes | 5 (1.9) | 4 (3.1) | 9 (2.3) |
| No | 257 (98.1) | 126 (96.9) | 383 (97.7) |
| Housing environments | |||
| Dark housing | |||
| Yes | 60 (22.9) | 67 (51.5) | 127 (32.4) |
| No | 202 (77.1) | 63 (48.5) | 265 (67.6) |
| Untidy housing | |||
| Yes | 101 (38.5) | 43 (33.1) | 144 (36.7) |
| No | 161 (61.5) | 87 (66.9) | 248 (63.3) |
| Soil flooring | |||
| Yes | 88 (33.6) | 37 (28.5) | 125 (31.9) |
| No | 174 (66.4) | 93 (71.5) | 267 (68.1) |
| Having termite mounds | |||
| Yes | 63 (24.1) | 22 (16.9) | 85 (21.7) |
| No | 199 (75.9) | 108 (83.1) | 307 (78.3) |
| Having animal enclosures | |||
| Yes | 104 (39.7) | 58 (44.6) | 162 (41.3) |
| No | 158 (60.3) | 72 (55.4) | 230 (58.7) |
| Having trees | |||
| Yes | 82 (31.3) | 33 (25.4) | 115 (29.4) |
| No | 180 (68.7) | 97 (74.6) | 277 (70.6) |
| Having unused buildings | |||
| Yes | 49 (18.7) | 5 (3.8) | 54 (13.8) |
| No | 213 (81.3) | 125 (96.2) | 338 (86.2) |
| Having timbers and logs | |||
| Yes | 66 (25.2) | 46 (35.4) | 112 (28.6) |
| No | 19 (74.8) | 84 (64.6) | 280 (71.4) |
| Having mammals | |||
| Yes | 101 (38.5) | 87 (66.9) | 188 (47.9) |
| No | 161 (61.5) | 43 (33.1) | 204 (52.1) |
| Protective measures | |||
| Lotion repellent | |||
| Yes | 191 (72.9) | 48 (36.9) | 239 (61.0) |
| No | 71 (27.1) | 82 (63.1) | 153 (39.0) |
| Spray repellent | |||
| Yes | 163 (62.2) | 31 (23.8) | 194 (49.5) |
| No | 99 (37.8) | 99 (76.2) | 198 (50.5) |
| Fog repellent | |||
| Yes | 202 (77.1) | 56 (43.1) | 258 (65.8) |
| No | 60 (22.9) | 74 (56.9) | 134 (34.2) |
| Long sleeve shirt | |||
| Yes | 158 (60.3) | 82 (63.1) | 240 (61.2) |
| No | 104 (39.7) | 48 (36.9) | 152 (38.8) |
| Cloth spray | |||
| Yes | 44 (16.8) | 18 (13.8) | 62 (15.8) |
| No | 218 (83.2) | 112 (86.2) | 330 (84.2) |
| Bed net | |||
| Yes | 100 (38.2) | 89 (68.5) | 189 (48.2) |
| No | 162 (61.8) | 41 (31.5) | 203 (51.8) |
| Spray Bed net | |||
| Yes | 49 (18.7) | 20 (15.4) | 69 (17.6) |
| No | 213 (81.3) | 110 (84.6) | 323 (82.4) |
| Avoid night work | |||
| Yes | 197 (75.2) | 63 (48.5) | 260 (66.3) |
| No | 65 (24.8) | 67 (51.5) | 132 (33.7) |
| Avoid anthill | |||
| Yes | 132 (50.4) | 49 (37.7) | 181 (46.2) |
| No | 130 (49.6) | 81 (62.3) | 211 (53.8) |
| Tidy house | |||
| Yes | 204 (77.9) | 62 (48.5) | 267 (68.1) |
| No | 58 (22.1) | 67 (51.5) | 125 (31.9) |
| Tidy environment | |||
| Yes | 205 (78.2) | 63 (48.5) | 268 (68.4) |
| No | 57 (21.8) | 67 (51.5) | 124 (31.6) |
| Avoid carrier | |||
| Yes | 176 (67.2) | 51 (39.3) | 227 (57.9) |
| No | 86 (32.8) | 79 (60.7) | 165 (42.1) |