Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors of Leishmania infection among patients in Amphoe Wiang Kaen District, Chiang Rai, Thailand (n = 130).

Characteristics	Outcomes		Univariate analysis			Multivaraite analysis
	Uninfected n (%)	Infected n (%)	Crude OR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
Gender
Male	61 (91.04)	6 (8.96)	1.00			1.00
Female	51 (80.95)	12 (19.05)	2.39	0.84–6.82	0.103	2.56	0.58–11.31	0.215
Age (mean (sd))	19.40 (10.96)	30.78 (19.59)	1.05	1.02–1.08	<0.001	1.05	1.01–1.10	0.012
Occupation
Students	49 (89.09)	6 (10.91)	1.56	0.55–4.44	0.409
Others	63 (84.00)	12 (16.00)	-	-	-
Nationality
Thai	49 (85.96)	8 (14.04)	0.97	0.36–2.65	0.956
Other	63 (86.30)	10 (13.70)	1.00
Hill tribe
Lisu	107 (86.29)	17 (13.71)	0.79	0.09–7.22	0.838
Other	5 (83.33)	1 (16.67)	1.00
History of working aboard (n = 257)
Yes	35 (97.22)	1 (2.78)	1.13	0.32–3.93	0.850
No	212 (95.93)	9 (4.07)	1.00
History of working in other provinces (n = 260)
Yes	183 (96.32)	7 (3.68)	0.66	0.31–1.44	0.302
No	67 (95.71)	3 (4.29)	1.00
History of sandfly bite (n = 75)
Yes	1 (100.00)	0 (0.00)	4.46	0.45–44.31	0.202
No	66 (89.19)	8 (10.81)	1.00
Pig raising
Yes	12 (80.00)	3 (20.00)	1.67	0.42–6.60	0.467
No	100 (86.96)	15 (13.04)	1.00
Dog raising
Yes	21 (91.30)	2 (8.70)	0.54	0.12–2.54	0.437
No	91 (85.05)	16 (14.95)	1.00
Cat raising
Yes	19 (95.00)	1 (5.00)	0.29	0.04–2.30	0.240
No	93 (84.55)	17 (15.45)	1.00
Chicken raising
Yes	20 (76.92)	6 (23.08)	2.30	0.77–6.86	0.135
No	92 (88.46)	12 (11.54)	1.00
Duck raising
Yes	0 (-)	0 (-)	6.88	0.90–52.59	0.063
No	112 (86.15)	18 (13.85)	1.00
Dark housing
Yes	59 (88.06)	8 (11.94)	0.72	0.26–1.96	0. 518	0.42	0.08–2.21	0.305
No	53 (84.13)	10 (15.87)	1.00			1.00
Untidy house
Yes	38 (88.37)	5 (11.63)	0.75	0.25–2.26	0.608
No	74 (85.06)	13 (14.94)	1.00
Mammal pet
Yes	74 (85.06)	13 (14.94)	1.34	0.44–4.02	0.608
No	38 (88.37)	5 (11.63)	1.00
Soil flooring
Yes	28 (75.68)	9 (24.32)	3.00	1.08–8.30	0.034	0.31	0.05–1.93	0.208
No	84 (90.32)	9 (9.68)	1.00			1.00
Having termite mound nearby residential house
Yes	15 (68.18)	7 (31.82)	4.12	1.38–12.27	0.011	44.10	2.88–676.37	0.007
No	97 (89.81)	11 (10.19)	1.00			1.00
Having animal enclosures (within 200 meters around the house)
Yes	43 (74.14)	15 (25.86)	8.02	2.19–29.34	0.002	6.94	1.17–41.01	0.033
No	69 (95.83)	3 (4.17)	1.00			1.00
Trees with large bark in housing area
Yes	25 (75.76)	8 (24.24)	2.78	0.99–7.80	0.052
No	87 (89.69)	10 (10.31)	1.00
Unused small huts in housing area
Yes	2 (40.00)	3 (60.00)	11.0	1.70–71.28	0.012
No	110 (88.00)	15 (12.00	1.00
Timbers and logs in housing area
Yes	37 (80.43)	9 (19.57)	1.29	0.32–5.12	0.722
No	75 (89.29)	9 (10.71)	1.00
Using repellent
Yes	44 (91.67	4 (8.33)	1.00			1.00
No	68 (82.93))	14 (17.07)	2.26	0.70–7.33	0.172	0.69	0.03–14.41	0.808
Wearing long sleeve shirt
Yes	76 (92.68)	6 (7.32))	1.00
No	36 (75.00)	12 (25.00	4.22	1.47–12.15	0.008
Fog repellent
Yes	51 (91.07)	5 (8.93))	1.00			1.00
No	61 (82.43)	13 (17.57	2.17	0.73–6.51	0.165	0.41	0.13–1.28	0.125
Insect repellent spray on cloth
Yes	94 (83.93)	18 (16.07)	1.00
No	18 (100.00)	0 (0.00)	-	-	-
Bed net use
Yes	80 (89.89)	9 (10.11)	1.00
No	32 (78.05)	9 (21.95)	2.50	0.91–6.87	0.076
Bed net spray
Yes	20 (100.00)	0 (0.00)	1.00
No	92 (83.64)	18 (16.36)	-	-	-
Avoid working at night
Yes	58 (92.06)	5 (7.94)	1.00
No	54 (80.60)	13 (19.40)	2.79	0.93–8.36	0.066
Tidy house
Yes	57 (90.48)	6 (9.52)	1.00			1.00
No	55 (82.09)	12 (17.91)	2.07	0.73–5.91	0.173	126003.60	0 -.	0.995
Tidy environment
Yes	57 (90.48)	6 (9.52)	1.00			1.00
No	55 (82.09)	12 (17.91)	2.07	0.73–5.91	0.173	7.89e-06	0 -.	0.995
Avoid termite mounds
Yes	48 (97.96)	1 (2.04)	1.00			1.00
No	64 (79.01)	17 (20.99)	12.75	1.64–99.16	0.015	16.51	1.31–207.64	0.030
Avoid exposure to carrier animals
Yes	49 (96.08)	2 (3.92)	1.00			1.00
No	63 (79.75)	16 (20.25)	6.22	1.37–28.36	0.018	11.76	1.00–138.21	0.050