Table 2.

Association between Escherichia coli resistance, species, region and round, Vietnam, 2017–2019.

Antimicrobial classes	Species		Region		Round
	Chicken/pig		South/North		2/1		3/1		Trend p
	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p
Beta—lactam	2.2	<0.001	1.0	0.885	0.7	0.150	0.5	0.001	<0.001
Cephalosporin	1.7	0.001	0.6	0.001	2.0	<0.001	1.1	0.661	<0.001
Aminoglycosides	1.2	0.213	1.0	0.994	0.8	0.002	0.6	0.008	0.011
Tetracycline	1.7	0.006	0.9	0.667	0.3	<0.001	0.3	<0.001	<0.001
Phenicol	2.0	<0.001	1.4	0.049	0.8	0.156	0.9	0.686	<0.001
Fluoroquinolone	1.6	<0.001	0.8	0.087	0.8	0.190	0.6	0.001	<0.001
Macrolides	1.0	0.799	1.0	0.835	0.6	0.012	0.4	<0.001	0.001
Sulphonamides	2.6	<0.001	0.8	0.425	1.0	0.907	1.2	0.646	0.005
Carbapenems	1.2	0.778	0.5	0.193	0.9	0.778	-	-	0.591
Polymyxin	1.0	0.881	0.5	0.001	0.7	0.161	0.3	<0.001	<0.001
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases	2.2	<0.001	1.0	0.804	2.7	<0.001	3.4	<0.001	<0.001
Resistance to at least one agent	2.3	0.175	1.1	0.821	0.3	0.179	0.4	0.270	0.373
Multi-Drug Resistance	1.5	0.155	1.1	0.853	0.7	0.208	0.8	0.404	0.446

This table summarizes the between species and between geographical locations analyses; pig and north Vietnam (in bold fonts) were reference levels used. For the temporal analysis (between rounds), rounds 2 and 3 were compared to round 1 of sampling; trends with p values < = 0.05 indicate significant temporal trend over all three rounds using score test.