Table 3.

Association between non-typhoidal Salmonella resistance, species, region and round, Vietnam, 2017–2019.

Antimicrobial classes	Species		Region		Round
	Chicken/pig		South/North		2/1		3/1		Trend p
	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p
Beta—lactam	4.4	0.008	1.8	0.143	0.8	0.636	0.4	0.077	<0.001
Cephalosporin	22.9	<0.001	0.4	0.010	0.7	0.267	0.3	<0.001	<0.001
Aminoglycosides	4.1	<0.001	0.6	0.294	25.2	<0.001	3.4	0.049	<0.001
Tetracycline	1.7	0.249	1.6	0.226	5.8	0.009	0.4	0.038	<0.001
Phenicol	3.2	0.004	1.8	0.097	5.0	0.002	0.6	0.243	<0.001
Fluoroquinolone	2.9	0.001	3.0	0.001	4.9	<0.001	3.2	0.004	<0.001
Macrolides	2.5	0.016	0.4	0.029	0.5	0.082	0.2	0.003	<0.001
Sulphonamides	1.5	0.387	1.4	0.441	0.9	0.802	0.6	0.308	0.557
Carbapenems	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Polymyxin	1.4	0.506	0.7	0.390	0.2	0.004	0.1	0.003	0.002
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases	18.8	<0.001	0.3	0.026	41.1	<0.001	1.5	0.637	<0.001
Resistance to at least one agent	1.4	0.685	2.0	0.368	-	-	0.2	0.085	0.129
Multi-Drug Resistance	2.9	0.074	3.7	0.008	0.5	0.354	0.2	0.020	0.001

This table summarizes the between species and between geographical locations analyses; pig and north Vietnam (in bold fonts) were reference levels used. For the temporal analysis (between rounds), rounds 2 and 3 were compared to round 1 of sampling; trends with p values < = 0.05 indicate significant temporal trend over all three rounds using score test.