Table 1.
Estimates of the incidence (per 1000 children per year), and number of hPIV-associated ALRI cases in age groups of children younger than 5 years in 2018, by World Bank income level and child mortality setting
| Low-income and lower-middle-income countries | Upper-middle-income countries | High-income countries | Low child mortality settings | High child mortality settings | Global estimates (low and high child mortality settings) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–5 months | ||||||
| Number of studies | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | .. |
| Incidence (95% CI)* | 43·2 (11·7–146·4) | .. | .. | .. | 51·1 (18·1–136·0) | .. |
| ALRI cases (thousands; UR) | 1913 (545–6723) | .. | .. | .. | 2352 (863–6415) | .. |
| 6–11 months | ||||||
| Number of studies | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | .. |
| Incidence (95% CI)* | 89·3 (65·7–120·2) | .. | .. | .. | 85·7 (66·0–110·6) | .. |
| ALRI cases (thousands; UR) | 3920 (2903–5294) | .. | .. | .. | 3911 (3025–5056) | .. |
| 12–59 months | ||||||
| Number of studies | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | .. |
| Incidence (95% CI)* | 28·5 (15·9–50·6) | .. | .. | .. | 28·5 (17·9–45·2) | .. |
| ALRI cases (thousands; UR) | 9774 (5497–17386) | .. | .. | .. | 10 164 (6413–16 115) | .. |
| 0–59 months | ||||||
| Number of studies† | 7 (3) | 1 | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 8 (3) | .. |
| Incidence (95% CI)* | 37·7 (27·8–51·0) | .. | 37·8 (18·5–77·3) | 37·8 (18·5–77·3) | 38·8 (30·1–50·2) | .. |
| ALRI cases (thousands; UR) | 16 247 (12 013–21 978) | .. | 2395 (1176–4880) | 8670 (4258–17 664) | 17 417 (13 504–22 467) | 26 087 (17 762–40 131) |
The median value of the 2018 younger than 5 years mortality rate was used as the cutoff point for high child mortality and low child mortality settings. The incidence rate was adjusted to account for the missing hPIV-4 (ten studies). In one study, only the hPIV-3 rate was available; the rate was adjusted to account for the missing hPIV-1, hPIV-2, and hPIV-4. For the remaining one study, four types were detected and the rate was not adjusted. ALRI=acute lower respiratory infections. hPIV=human parainfluenza virus. UR=uncertainty range.
Incidence (per 1000 children per year) from meta-analyses.
The number in the parentheses shows the number of imputed studies.