Table 1.
Unit costs
| Parameter | Used in within-trial analysis or model | Mean (standard error) | Distribution used in model | Reference (mean) | Reference (standard error) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ranibizumab injection | Both | £551.00 | N/A | BNF 2019 [5] | N/A |
| Aflibercept injection | Both | £816.00 | N/A | BNF 2019 [6] | N/A |
| Bevacizumab injection | Both | £28.00 | N/A | Judicial review (2018) [10] | N/A |
| Central subfield thickness examination | Both | £108.21 (£1.70) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes BZ87A |
Quartile data of the NHS codes Department of Health (2017) [41] |
| First visit to ophthalmologist | Both | £140.04 (£9.91) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes WF02B |
|
| Follow-up visit to ophthalmologist | Both | £105.19 (£4.88) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes WF02A |
|
| Optical coherence tomography | Within-trial | £116.23 | N/A |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes BZ89A |
N/A |
| Colour fundus photograph | Within-trial | £108.21 | N/A |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes BZ87A |
N/A |
| Fundus fluorescein angiograph | Within-trial | £108.21 | N/A |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes BZ87A |
N/A |
| Accident and emergency visit | Both | £160.23 (£9.34) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] Weighted average for NHS codes VB01Z to VB11Z |
Quartile data of the NHS codes (weighted) Department of Health (2017) [41] |
| Ocular accident and emergency visit | Both | £118.02 (£2.67) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes WF01B |
|
| Eye consultant visit | Both | £95.13 (£1.85) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes WF01A |
|
| Ophthalmologist call | Both | £28.20 (£4) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes WF01D |
|
| Optometrist/optician visit | Both | £76.50 (£10.5) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [26] NHS codes WF01B |
|
| Low vision appointment visit | Both | £153.00 | N/A | Estimated to be double the visit cost of an optometrist/optician to reflect additional complexity (on clinician advice) | |
| General practitioner visit | Both | £37.40 (£3.74) | Gamma | Curtis and Burns (2018) [25] | 10% assumption around the mean |
| Practice nurse visit | Both | £17.79 (£1.78) | Gamma | ||
| General practitioner call | Both | £28.00 (£2.8) | Gamma | ||
| Community care (annual) | Model | £10,060.95 (£1006.10) | Gamma | Curtis and Burns (2018) [25] | 10% assumption around mean |
| Hip replacement (annual) | Model | £4170.00 (£417.00) | Gamma |
NHS Improvement (2018) [24] Code HT14C |
10% assumption around mean |
| Low vision aids (one-off) | Both | £194.41 (£19.44) | Gamma | Meads (2003), Curtis and Burns (2018) | 10% assumption around mean |
| Low vision rehabilitation (one-off) | Model | £153 | Gamma | Estimated to be double the visit cost of an optometrist/optician | |
| Residential care (annual) | Model | £6000.80 (£600.08) | Gamma | Curtis and Burns (2018) [25] | 10% assumption around mean |
| Treatment for depression (annual) | Model | £2430.58 (£243.06) | Gamma | NICE, 2017 (TA460) [42] | 10% assumption around mean |
| Blindness registration (one-off) | Both | £60.50 (£6.05) | Gamma | Curtis and Burns (2018) [25] | 10% assumption around mean |
| Adverse event | Model | £317.96 (£28.62) | Gamma | NHS Improvement (2018) [26] | Weighted variance from NHS reference costs |
BNF British National Formulary, N/A not applicable, NHS National Health Service, NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence