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. 2021 Apr 13;30(8):2171–2185. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02813-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Variable total effects, as regression coefficient value, decomposed into direct (light area) and indirect (dark area). Values adjusted by each variable’s minimally sufficient adjustment set (MSAS) a from DAG-1 that includes health factors; and b from DAG-2 that excludes health factors. Values over bars represent the percentage of direct effects over total effects. Only variables significantly associated with mental well-being are represented (P < 0.05). (Color figure online)